ml 0.10 ml ml 0.17 ml ml 0.29 ml ml 0.32 ml ml 0.10 ml

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1 Name: Period Version A AP* Biology: Cell Respiration Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and enter the appropriate letter in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. Questions 1-5 Respirometer Average Initial Average Final Reading Number Reading ml 0.10 ml ml 0.17 ml ml 0.29 ml ml 0.32 ml ml 0.10 ml The data shown above reflects class average data collected after performing an experiment to measure the amount of respiration occurring in radish seeds. Each respirometer was constructed using a 1.0 ml syringe attached to a graduated capillary tube. The radish seeds were placed inside the syringe and the plunger was reinserted. The end of the capillary tube was sealed using a drop of soap solution. The final readings were taken 15 minutes after the initial readings. 1. Of all of the respirometers that contained radish seeds, which respirometer contained seeds that had been germinated the longest? A) #2 B) #3 C) #4 D) #5 2. The initial experiment was conducted in a water bath held constant at 22ºC. Which of the following results would be expected if the experiment was repeated in a 10ºC water bath? A) Respirometers 2-4 would have volume changes greater than 0.17 ml. B) Respirometers 1-5 would have equal changes in the volume. C) Respirometers 1-5 would have changes in volume less than 0.17 ml. D) Respirometers 1 and 5 would have volume changes of 0.10 ml. (1)Test Questions are Copyright by College Entrance Examination Board, Prenceton, NJ. All rights reserved. For face-to-fact teaching purposes, classroom teachers are permitted to reproduce the questions. Web or Mass distribution prohibited. (2) AP is registered traemark of the College Entrance Examination Borard. The College Entrance Examination Board was not involved in the production of and does not endorse this product. Permissionis granted of individual classroom teahcers to reproduce the activity sheets and illustation for their own classroom use. Any other type of reproduction of these material is strictly prohibited. 1

2 Version A 3. The change in the volume in respirometers 2,3, and 4 is the result of A) the oxidation of acetyl CoA during Krebs cycle B) the reduction of oxygen to water during oxidative phosphorylation C) the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate during glycolysis D) the hydrolysis ATP during the energy investing stages of glycolysis 4. A small amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH) was added to each of the respirometers at the beginning of the experiment. Potassium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide, a gas, to produce calcium carbonate, a solid. Which of the following best describes the role of potassium hydroxide in the experiment? A) It provides the oxygen needed for cellular respiration. B) It is used to equalize the volume of irregularly shaped seeds. C) It allows measurements of the changes in the volume of oxygen. D) It is used to seal the chamber to prevent leakage of gases from the chamber. 5. Which respirometer(s) used in this experiment most likely contain seeds that have been heat killed prior to the beginning of the investigation? A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 3 and 4 D) 1 and 5 2

3 Version A 6. The data shown above were collected from a eukaryotic cellular culture grown at a constant temperature of 37º C in a buffered environment. From what part of the cell and during which event were the samples most likely obtained? A) The mitochondrial cristae during the reduction of NADH. B) The mitochondrial matrix during the oxidation of NADH. C) The outer edge of the mitochondrial membrane during lactic acid fermentation. D) The mitochondrial intermembrane space during the oxidation of NADH. 7. In a cold environment, which of the following animals will have the slowest rate of respiration per gram of body mass? A) pigeon B) gerbil C) turtle D) mouse 3

4 Version A 8. The conversion of the energy from glucose to ATP during aerobic respiration has an efficiency of approximately 40%. Which of the following best explains the fate of energy from glucose that is not converted to ATP? A) The energy is destroyed during the enzyme catalyzed reactions of glycolysis. B) The energy is captured by anaerobic metabolic pathways in ectotherms. C) The energy is stored in the folds of the mitochondrial membranes. D) The energy is given off as heat and can be used to maintain body temperatures in endothermic organisms. 4

5 Version A Questions 9-11 A vertebrate muscle tissue culture was provided with a constant excess supply of glucose under anaerobic conditions starting at time zero. The amounts of pyruvic acid and ATP produced were measured. The solid line in the graph above represents the pyruvic acid produced in moles per liter per minute. In addition, ATP levels were also found to be highest at points A and C, lowest at B and D. The dotted line represents a second culture under the same conditions, except that substance X was added. 9. The rate of pyruvic acid formation fluctuates because A) all glucose has reacted B) all enzymes have been used up C) the reaction is accelerated by positive feedback D) the reaction is affected by negative feedback 10. Which of the following best accounts for the shape of the solid line between points A and D? 11. Which of the following is most likely to result if oxygen is added to the tissue culture? A) Lactic acid formation will increase. B) For each glucose molecule consumed, more ATP will be formed. C) The levels of ATP produced will decrease. D) No change in the production of pyruvic acid will be observed. A) After ten minutes the cellular enzymes became ineffective. B) ATP acted as an allosteric inhibitor on one or more of the enzymes. C) The measurements of pyruvic acid were unreliable. D) The cells required more glucose than was being provided. 5

6 Version A 13. Which of the following directly produces the most ATP per mole of glucose during aerobic cellular respiration? A) Glycolysis B) Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis C) Substrate-level phosphorylation D) Krebss cycle 12. All of the following are true regarding the molecule shown above EXCEPT A) The production of this molecule occurs in the cells of organisms belonging to all known kingdoms. B) The exergonic hydrolysis of the molecule is frequently coupled with endergonic reactions. C) The molecule is used for long term storage of energy captured by autotrophs. D) The molecule is produced during alcoholic fermentation and anaerobic respiration. 14. Glycolysis is a definite sequence of ten reactions involving ten intermediate compounds. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. Which of the following best describes where glycolysis occurs? A) In the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells B) In the meososomal membrane of prokaryotic cells C) In the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells D) In the mitochondrial membrane of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 6

7 Version A 15. The graphic above depicts multiple entry points for biological molecules along the pathway of aerobic respiration. Which of the following describes the evolutionary advantage of multiple entry points? A) The heterotroph s dependence upon autotrophs to capture energy is eliminated. B) A varied diet can be consumed without the loss of a viable energy source. C) Additional energy expenditures would be required to transform energy from multiple sources. D) Fewer respiratory enzymes would need to be synthesized to harvest energy from various sources. 7

8 Version A 16. Rotenone, a piscicide (fish poison), interferes with the transfer of electrons between Complex I and Complex II in the process shown above. Which of the following results would be expected in the mitochondria of fish exposed to Rotenone? A) Higher levels of oxygen would be present in the matrix. B) Higher levels of H + would be present in the intermembrane space. C) Higher levels of NADH would be present in the intermembrane space. D) An increased number of H + ions would be used to form water molecules. 17. The movement of electrons along the electron transport chain is accompanied by the movement of hydrogen ions. Which of the following occurs due to the build up of hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space? A) A concentration gradient forms that establishes a proton motive force to power the phosphorylation of ADP. B) A higher ph is established in the intermembrane space that serves to denature membrane enzymes to regulate the process of phosphorylation. C) A reduction in the number of chemically reactive atoms allowing for the production of ATP. D) The removal of energy from oxygen atoms to power oxidative phosphorylation. 8

9 Version A Glucose STEP 1 Glucose-6-Phosphate STEP 2 Fructose-6-Phosphate STEP 3 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate STEP 4 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dihydroxyacetone STEP 5 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate STEP 6 3-phosphoglycerate STEP 7 2-phosphoglycerate STEP 8 Phosphoenolypyruvate STEP 9 Pyruvate 18. A pharmaceutical company created a drug that acts as a competitive inhibitor for the enzyme critical to the conversion from step 3 to step 4 in the process shown above. The drug had been shown to kill bacteria and was being considered for use in humans with bacterial infections. Which of the following is the reason this drugs was rejected for use in humans? A) Bacterial cells are able to undergo anaerobic respiration and do not undergo glycolysis. B) Human cells perform glycolysis and the chemical would disrupt the process. C) Glycolysis in human cells does not employ enzymes so the drug would have no effect. D) So little ATP is produced by glycolysis the drug would be ineffective. 9

10 Version A 19. During hibernation, the rate of cellular respiration in a mammal is typically less than half the rate measured when the mammal is not hibernating. Such slowed cellular respiration is most likely accompanied by which of the following? Pulse Rate Body Temperature A) Reduced Reduced B) Unchanged Reduced C) Reduced Increased D) Unchanged Increased 10

11 Version A 20. Examine the diagram above. The production of pyruvate would be maintained at normal levels during all of the following chemical conditions EXCEPT A) high levels of fructose1,6-bisphosphate molecules B) high levels of AMP molecules C) high levels of glucose molecules D) high levels of ATP 21. Which of the following lists of molecules are arranged from highest to lowest amounts of Gibbs free energy, ΔG? A) pyruvic acid, carbon dioxide, glucose B) glucose, carbon dioxide, pyruvic acid C) carbon dioxide, pyruvic acid, glucose D) glucose, pyruvic acid, carbon dioxide 11

12 Version A 22. Frogs of three different species are weighed and the amount of oxygen consumed by each species is determined by placing them in a respirometer for 1 hour. The results of this experiment are summarized in the table shown below. Species Average Weight (grams) Total Cubic Centimeters of Oxygen Consumed in 1 Hour Based on the data collected, which of the following best represents a reasonable conclusion for this experiment? A) Since all frogs respire through their skin, smaller frogs with smaller surface areas will consume less oxygen per gram of body weight than larger frogs with larger surface areas. B) Frogs placed in a warm environment will respire more rapidly than frogs placed in a colder environment. C) The amount of oxygen consumed per gram of body weight by the largest frog is almost twice that by the smallest frog. D) The amount of oxygen consumed per gram of body weight for each species is the same. 12

13 Version A 23. The data shown in the charts above was most likely collected during an experiment investigating which of the following cellular processes? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) Krebs Cycle C) anaerobic respiration D) fermentation 24. Which metabolic process is common to both aerobic cellular respiration and alcoholic fermentation? A) Glycolysis B) Krebs cycle C) Electron transport chain D) Production of proton gradient 13

14 Version A Activity Energy released in the hydrolysis of a single ATP molecule Energy required to fire a single neuron Energy required for a bacteria to reproduce Energy required for one heart beat Energy Requirement (ev) ev ev ev 0.5 Joules* *1 ev = Joules 25. All the following statements are supported by the data EXCEPT A) Bacteria require more energy to reproduce than is required to fire a neuron. B) Energy is required by a eukaryotic organism to function, to grow and to reproduce. C) Active eukaryotic cells require a constant supply of energy in the form of ATP. D) Prokaryotic organisms are simple and as a result have no energy requirement. 26. I. Glycolysis II. Krebs Cycle III. Fermentation During which cellular process listed above is ATP formed via substrate-level phosphorylation? A) I only B) I and II only C) I and III only D) I, II and III 27. In an experiment, a yeast culture was given a 10% glucose solution as a food source. The glucose used to make the solution contained a small amount of the radioactive isotope of oxygen, 15 O. After 30 minutes, which of the following substances would contain the radioactive oxygen isotope? A) the carbon dioxide in the air inside the flask B) the ATP inside each yeast cell C) the water in the solution in the flask D) the NADH in the mitochondria of the cells 14

15 Version A 28. The data shown above was collected from a flask onaining yeast in asucrose solution. A sample was removed from the flask every minute for a total of 25 minutes and assayed for the sucrose concentration present as well as the concentration of other organic substances. The assay at the minute 20 reading indicated the presence of ethanol. Which of the following best explains these results? A) The yeast initially performed anaerobic respiration and converted to aerobic respiration as the population increased. The conversion to aerobic respiration produced ethanol. B) During the first 10 minutes of the experiment the yeast population was large enough to create enough energy to sustain the sucrose concentration and as the population declined, so did the sucrose. C) The yeast performed fermentation for the initial 20 minutes. Once the sucrose concentration dropped, the cells reverted to aerobic respiration producing ethanol. D) Initially, the population was small enough to produce enough ATP through aerobic respiration. As the population grew, the oxygen was used up and the cells converted to fermentation producing ethanol. 15

16 Version A 29. Which of the molecules pictured above can provide free energy for use in an organism s metabolic pathways? A) I and II only B) I and III only C) II and III only D) I, II and III 16

17 Version A Questions The graph below plots the rate of oxygen consumption for fish of differing body masses in a particular species. Each point represents measurements from a different fish. Measurements were taken at different temperatures. 30. Which of the following is NOT a likely explanation for the observed results? A) Rates of fermentation are higher at 25 C than at 10 C. B) Enzymes are affected by temperature. C) Electron transport occurs more rapidly at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures. D) Rate of oxygen consumption increases with temperature in this species of fish over this temperature range. 31. The fact that each line on the graph rises from left to right means that A) higher temperatures produce higher rates of metabolism B) there were more large fish in the samples taken at high temperatures C) larger fish consume more oxygen than smaller fish at all four temperatures D) when measurements are taken for larger fish late in the day, observed values are higher 17

18 Version A 32. The best explanation for the fact that not all points lie on any given line is that A) the thermometer was incorrectly calibrated B) the scale used to weigh the fish registered kg too little C) the fish grew during the course of the experiment D) organisms within populations show variability 18

19 AP Biology Cell Respiration Unit Exam Part B Directions: These three questions require numeric answers. Calculate the correct answer for each question, and enter your answer on the grid following each question. Examples of correct entry for the grid-in questions are shown below. The actual questions for this exam begin on the next page. Integer Answer Integer Answer Decimal Answer Fraction Answer / / 1 0

20 1. A student eats a candy bar that has 180 dietary calories. This food energy is converted during cellular respiration to ATP. The reaction ADP + P i ATP requires 7.3 kcal/mol and has a maximum percent yield of 39%. Calculate the number of moles of ATP the student s body can produce from this candy bar knowing that one dietary Calorie is equal to 1,000 chemical calories. Give your answer to the nearest tenth. 2. An average biology student weighing 70 kilograms, releases 4.8 usable kilocalories of energy for each liter of oxygen consumed. The biology student also requires 20 kilocalories per kilogram of body weight per day (basal metabolic rate). Calculate the number of liters of oxygen consumed per hour by the student when awake but at rest. Give your answer in the nearest tenth.

21 3. Respirometer readings from an experiment measuring oxygen consumption in germinating peas are shown in the table below. An initial reading was recorded at time zero followed by a final reading recorded after the experiment ran for 10 minutes. Respirometer Number Initial Reading (ml) Final Reading (ml) Calculate the rate of respiration per minute for the peas in Respirometer Number 1. Give your answer to the nearest one thousandth ml.

22 Name: Period Version B AP* Biology: Cell Respiration Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and enter the appropriate letter in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. 1. Glycolysis is a definite sequence of ten reactions involving ten intermediate compounds. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. Which of the following best describes where glycolysis occurs? A) In the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells B) In the meososomal membrane of prokaryotic cells C) In the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells D) In the mitochondrial membrane of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 2. Which of the following directly produces the most ATP per mole of glucose during aerobic cellular respiration? A) Glycolysis B) Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis C) Substrate-level phosphorylation D) Krebss cycle (1)Test Questions are Copyright by College Entrance Examination Board, Prenceton, NJ. All rights reserved. For face-to-fact teaching purposes, classroom teachers are permitted to reproduce the questions. Web or Mass distribution prohibited. (2) AP is registered traemark of the College Entrance Examination Borard. The College Entrance Examination Board was not involved in the production of and does not endorse this product. Permissionis granted of individual classroom teahcers to reproduce the activity sheets and illustation for their own classroom use. Any other type of reproduction of these material is strictly prohibited. 1

23 Version B 3. Examine the diagram above. The production of pyruvate would be maintained at normal levels during all of the following chemical conditions EXCEPT A) high levels of fructose1,6-bisphosphate molecules B) high levels of AMP molecules C) high levels of glucose molecules D) high levels of ATP 4. In a cold environment, which of the following animals will have the slowest rate of respiration per gram of body mass? 5. In an experiment, a yeast culture was given a 10% glucose solution as a food source. The glucose used to make the solution contained a small amount of the radioactive isotope of oxygen, 15 O. After 30 minutes, which of the following substances would contain the radioactive oxygen isotope? A) the carbon dioxide in the air inside the flask B) the ATP inside each yeast cell C) the water in the solution in the flask D) the NADH in the mitochondria of the cells A) pigeon B) gerbil C) turtle D) mouse 2

24 Version B 6. All of the following are true regarding the molecule shown above EXCEPT A) The production of this molecule occurs in the cells of organisms belonging to all known kingdoms. B) The exergonic hydrolysis of the molecule is frequently coupled with endergonic reactions. C) The molecule is used for long term storage of energy captured by autotrophs. D) The molecule is produced during alcoholic fermentation and anaerobic respiration. 3

25 Version B Questions 7-9 The graph below plots the rate of oxygen consumption for fish of differing body masses in a particular species. Each point represents measurements from a different fish. Measurements were taken at different temperatures. 7. The fact that each line on the graph rises from left to right means that A) higher temperatures produce higher rates of metabolism B) there were more large fish in the samples taken at high temperatures C) larger fish consume more oxygen than smaller fish at all four temperatures D) when measurements are taken for larger fish late in the day, observed values are higher 8. The best explanation for the fact that not all points lie on any given line is that A) the thermometer was incorrectly calibrated B) the scale used to weigh the fish registered kg too little C) the fish grew during the course of the experiment D) organisms within populations show variability 4

26 Version B 9. Which of the following is NOT a likely explanation for the observed results? A) Rates of fermentation are higher at 25 C than at 10 C. B) Enzymes are affected by temperature. C) Electron transport occurs more rapidly at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures. D) Rate of oxygen consumption increases with temperature in this species of fish over this temperature range. 10. The conversion of the energy from glucose to ATP during aerobic respiration has an efficiency of approximately 40%. Which of the following best explains the fate of energy from glucose that is not converted to ATP? A) The energy is destroyed during the enzyme catalyzed reactions of glycolysis. B) The energy is captured by anaerobic metabolic pathways in ectotherms. C) The energy is stored in the folds of the mitochondrial membranes. D) The energy is given off as heat and can be used to maintain body temperatures in endothermic organisms. 5

27 Version B Questions A vertebrate muscle tissue culture was provided with a constant excess supply of glucose under anaerobic conditions starting at time zero. The amounts of pyruvic acid and ATP produced were measured. The solid line in the graph above represents the pyruvic acid produced in moles per liter per minute. In addition, ATP levels were also found to be highest at points A and C, lowest at B and D. The dotted line represents a second culture under the same conditions, except that substance X was added. 11. The rate of pyruvic acid formation fluctuates because A) all glucose has reacted B) all enzymes have been used up C) the reaction is accelerated by positive feedback D) the reaction is affected by negative feedback 12. Which of the following best accounts for the shape of the solid line between points A and D? 13. Which of the following is most likely to result if oxygen is added to the tissue culture? A) Lactic acid formation will increase. B) For each glucose molecule consumed, more ATP will be formed. C) The levels of ATP produced will decrease. D) No change in the production of pyruvic acid will be observed. A) After ten minutes the cellular enzymes became ineffective. B) ATP acted as an allosteric inhibitor on one or more of the enzymes. C) The measurements of pyruvic acid were unreliable. D) The cells required more glucose than was being provided. 6

28 Version B Questions Respirometer Average Initial Average Final Reading Number Reading ml 0.10 ml ml 0.17 ml ml 0.29 ml ml 0.32 ml ml 0.10 ml The data shown above reflects class average data collected after performing an experiment to measure the amount of respiration occurring in radish seeds. Each respirometer was constructed using a 1.0 ml syringe attached to a graduated capillary tube. The radish seeds were placed inside the syringe and the plunger was reinserted. The end of the capillary tube was sealed using a drop of soap solution. The final readings were taken 15 minutes after the initial readings. 14. Which respirometer(s) used in this experiment most likely contain seeds that have been heat killed prior to the beginning of the investigation? A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 3 and 4 D) 1 and The initial experiment was conducted in a water bath held constant at 22ºC. Which of the following results would be expected if the experiment was repeated in a 10ºC water bath? A) Respirometers 2-4 would have volume changes greater than 0.17 ml. B) Respirometers 1-5 would have equal changes in the volume. C) Respirometers 1-5 would have changes in volume less than 0.17 ml. D) Respirometers 1 and 5 would have volume changes of 0.10 ml. 16. Of all of the respirometers that contained radish seeds, which respirometer contained seeds that had been germinated the longest? A) #2 B) #3 C) #4 D) #5 17. The change in the volume in respirometers 2,3, and 4 is the result of A) the oxidation of acetyl CoA during Krebs cycle B) the reduction of oxygen to water during oxidative phosphorylation C) the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate during glycolysis D) the hydrolysis ATP during the energy investing stages of glycolysis 7

29 Version B 18. A small amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH) was added to each of the respirometers at the beginning of the experiment. Potassium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide, a gas, to produce calcium carbonate, a solid. Which of the following best describes the role of potassium hydroxide in the experiment? A) It provides the oxygen needed for cellular respiration. B) It is used to equalize the volume of irregularly shaped seeds. C) It allows measurements of the changes in the volume of oxygen. D) It is used to seal the chamber to prevent leakage of gases from the chamber. 8

30 Version B 19. The data shown above were collected from a eukaryotic cellular culture grown at a constant temperature of 37º C in a buffered environment. From what part of the cell and during which event were the samples most likely obtained? A) The mitochondrial cristae during the reduction of NADH. B) The mitochondrial matrix during the oxidation of NADH. C) The outer edge of the mitochondrial membrane during lactic acid fermentation. D) The mitochondrial intermembrane space during the oxidation of NADH. 9

31 Version B Glucose STEP 1 Glucose-6-Phosphate STEP 2 Fructose-6-Phosphate STEP 3 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate STEP 4 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dihydroxyacetone STEP 5 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate STEP 6 3-phosphoglycerate STEP 7 2-phosphoglycerate STEP 8 Phosphoenolypyruvate STEP 9 Pyruvate 20. A pharmaceutical company created a drug that acts as a competitive inhibitor for the enzyme critical to the conversion from step 3 to step 4 in the process shown above. The drug had been shown to kill bacteria and was being considered for use in humans with bacterial infections. Which of the following is the reason this drugs was rejected for use in humans? A) Bacterial cells are able to undergo anaerobic respiration and do not undergo glycolysis. B) Human cells perform glycolysis and the chemical would disrupt the process. C) Glycolysis in human cells does not employ enzymes so the drug would have no effect. D) So little ATP is produced by glycolysis the drug would be ineffective. 10

32 Version B 21. I. Glycolysis II. Krebs Cycle III. Fermentation During which cellular process listed above is ATP formed via substrate-level phosphorylation? A) I only B) I and II only C) I and III only D) I, II and III 22. Which of the following lists of molecules are arranged from highest to lowest amounts of Gibbs free energy, ΔG? A) pyruvic acid, carbon dioxide, glucose B) glucose, carbon dioxide, pyruvic acid C) carbon dioxide, pyruvic acid, glucose D) glucose, pyruvic acid, carbon dioxide 23. The data shown in the charts above was most likely collected during an experiment investigating which of the following cellular processes? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) Krebs Cycle C) anaerobic respiration D) fermentation 11

33 Version B 24. During hibernation, the rate of cellular respiration in a mammal is typically less than half the rate measured when the mammal is not hibernating. Such slowed cellular respiration is most likely accompanied by which of the following? Pulse Rate Body Temperature A) Reduced Reduced B) Unchanged Reduced C) Reduced Increased D) Unchanged Increased 25. Frogs of three different species are weighed and the amount of oxygen consumed by each species is determined by placing them in a respirometer for 1 hour. The results of this experiment are summarized in the table shown below. Species Average Weight (grams) Total Cubic Centimeters of Oxygen Consumed in 1 Hour Based on the data collected, which of the following best represents a reasonable conclusion for this experiment? A) Since all frogs respire through their skin, smaller frogs with smaller surface areas will consume less oxygen per gram of body weight than larger frogs with larger surface areas. B) Frogs placed in a warm environment will respire more rapidly than frogs placed in a colder environment. C) The amount of oxygen consumed per gram of body weight by the largest frog is almost twice that by the smallest frog. D) The amount of oxygen consumed per gram of body weight for each species is the same. 12

34 Version B 26. The movement of electrons along the electron transport chain is accompanied by the movement of hydrogen ions. Which of the following occurs due to the build up of hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space? A) A concentration gradient forms that establishes a proton motive force to power the phosphorylation of ADP. B) A higher ph is established in the intermembrane space that serves to denature membrane enzymes to regulate the process of phosphorylation. C) A reduction in the number of chemically reactive atoms allowing for the production of ATP. D) The removal of energy from oxygen atoms to power oxidative phosphorylation. 27. Rotenone, a piscicide (fish poison), interferes with the transfer of electrons between Complex I and Complex II in the process shown above. Which of the following results would be expected in the mitochondria of fish exposed to Rotenone? A) Higher levels of oxygen would be present in the matrix. B) Higher levels of H + would be present in the intermembrane space. C) Higher levels of NADH would be present in the intermembrane space. D) An increased number of H + ions would be used to form water molecules. 28. Which metabolic process is common to both aerobic cellular respiration and alcoholic fermentation? A) Glycolysis B) Krebs cycle C) Electron transport chain D) Production of proton gradient 13

35 Version B Activity Energy released in the hydrolysis of a single ATP molecule Energy required to fire a single neuron Energy required for a bacteria to reproduce Energy required for one heart beat Energy Requirement (ev) ev ev ev 0.5 Joules* *1 ev = Joules 29. All the following statements are supported by the data EXCEPT A) Bacteria require more energy to reproduce than is required to fire a neuron. B) Energy is required by a eukaryotic organism to function, to grow and to reproduce. C) Active eukaryotic cells require a constant supply of energy in the form of ATP. D) Prokaryotic organisms are simple and as a result have no energy requirement. 14

36 Version B 30. The graphic above depicts multiple entry points for biological molecules along the pathway of aerobic respiration. Which of the following describes the evolutionary advantage of multiple entry points? A) The heterotroph s dependence upon autotrophs to capture energy is eliminated. B) A varied diet can be consumed without the loss of a viable energy source. C) Additional energy expenditures would be required to transform energy from multiple sources. D) Fewer respiratory enzymes would need to be synthesized to harvest energy from various sources. 15

37 Version B 31. The data shown above was collected from a flask onaining yeast in asucrose solution. A sample was removed from the flask every minute for a total of 25 minutes and assayed for the sucrose concentration present as well as the concentration of other organic substances. The assay at the minute 20 reading indicated the presence of ethanol. Which of the following best explains these results? A) The yeast initially performed anaerobic respiration and converted to aerobic respiration as the population increased. The conversion to aerobic respiration produced ethanol. B) During the first 10 minutes of the experiment the yeast population was large enough to create enough energy to sustain the sucrose concentration and as the population declined, so did the sucrose. C) The yeast performed fermentation for the initial 20 minutes. Once the sucrose concentration dropped, the cells reverted to aerobic respiration producing ethanol. D) Initially, the population was small enough to produce enough ATP through aerobic respiration. As the population grew, the oxygen was used up and the cells converted to fermentation producing ethanol. 16

38 Version B 32. Which of the molecules pictured above can provide free energy for use in an organism s metabolic pathways? A) I and II only B) I and III only C) II and III only D) I, II and III 17

39 AP Biology Cell Respiration Unit Exam Part B Directions: These three questions require numeric answers. Calculate the correct answer for each question, and enter your answer on the grid following each question. Examples of correct entry for the grid-in questions are shown below. The actual questions for this exam begin on the next page. Integer Answer Integer Answer Decimal Answer Fraction Answer / / 1 0

40 1. A student eats a candy bar that has 180 dietary calories. This food energy is converted during cellular respiration to ATP. The reaction ADP + P i ATP requires 7.3 kcal/mol and has a maximum percent yield of 39%. Calculate the number of moles of ATP the student s body can produce from this candy bar knowing that one dietary Calorie is equal to 1,000 chemical calories. Give your answer to the nearest tenth. 2. An average biology student weighing 70 kilograms, releases 4.8 usable kilocalories of energy for each liter of oxygen consumed. The biology student also requires 20 kilocalories per kilogram of body weight per day (basal metabolic rate). Calculate the number of liters of oxygen consumed per hour by the student when awake but at rest. Give your answer in the nearest tenth.

41 3. Respirometer readings from an experiment measuring oxygen consumption in germinating peas are shown in the table below. An initial reading was recorded at time zero followed by a final reading recorded after the experiment ran for 10 minutes. Respirometer Number Initial Reading (ml) Final Reading (ml) Calculate the rate of respiration per minute for the peas in Respirometer Number 1. Give your answer to the nearest one thousandth ml.

42 Name: Period Version C AP* Biology: Cell Respiration Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and enter the appropriate letter in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. 1. The conversion of the energy from glucose to ATP during aerobic respiration has an efficiency of approximately 40%. Which of the following best explains the fate of energy from glucose that is not converted to ATP? A) The energy is destroyed during the enzyme catalyzed reactions of glycolysis. B) The energy is captured by anaerobic metabolic pathways in ectotherms. C) The energy is stored in the folds of the mitochondrial membranes. D) The energy is given off as heat and can be used to maintain body temperatures in endothermic organisms. (1)Test Questions are Copyright by College Entrance Examination Board, Prenceton, NJ. All rights reserved. For face-to-fact teaching purposes, classroom teachers are permitted to reproduce the questions. Web or Mass distribution prohibited. (2) AP is registered traemark of the College Entrance Examination Borard. The College Entrance Examination Board was not involved in the production of and does not endorse this product. Permissionis granted of individual classroom teahcers to reproduce the activity sheets and illustation for their own classroom use. Any other type of reproduction of these material is strictly prohibited. 1

43 Version C 2. The data shown above was collected from a flask onaining yeast in asucrose solution. A sample was removed from the flask every minute for a total of 25 minutes and assayed for the sucrose concentration present as well as the concentration of other organic substances. The assay at the minute 20 reading indicated the presence of ethanol. Which of the following best explains these results? A) The yeast initially performed anaerobic respiration and converted to aerobic respiration as the population increased. The conversion to aerobic respiration produced ethanol. B) During the first 10 minutes of the experiment the yeast population was large enough to create enough energy to sustain the sucrose concentration and as the population declined, so did the sucrose. C) The yeast performed fermentation for the initial 20 minutes. Once the sucrose concentration dropped, the cells reverted to aerobic respiration producing ethanol. D) Initially, the population was small enough to produce enough ATP through aerobic respiration. As the population grew, the oxygen was used up and the cells converted to fermentation producing ethanol. 2

44 Version C 3. All of the following are true regarding the molecule shown above EXCEPT A) The production of this molecule occurs in the cells of organisms belonging to all known kingdoms. B) The exergonic hydrolysis of the molecule is frequently coupled with endergonic reactions. C) The molecule is used for long term storage of energy captured by autotrophs. D) The molecule is produced during alcoholic fermentation and anaerobic respiration. 3

45 Version C 4. Examine the diagram above. The production of pyruvate would be maintained at normal levels during all of the following chemical conditions EXCEPT A) high levels of fructose1,6-bisphosphate molecules B) high levels of AMP molecules C) high levels of glucose molecules D) high levels of ATP 5. Glycolysis is a definite sequence of ten reactions involving ten intermediate compounds. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. Which of the following best describes where glycolysis occurs? A) In the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells B) In the meososomal membrane of prokaryotic cells C) In the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells D) In the mitochondrial membrane of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 4

46 Version C 6. Which of the following directly produces the most ATP per mole of glucose during aerobic cellular respiration? A) Glycolysis B) Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis C) Substrate-level phosphorylation D) Krebss cycle Questions 7-9 A vertebrate muscle tissue culture was provided with a constant excess supply of glucose under anaerobic conditions starting at time zero. The amounts of pyruvic acid and ATP produced were measured. The solid line in the graph above represents the pyruvic acid produced in moles per liter per minute. In addition, ATP levels were also found to be highest at points A and C, lowest at B and D. The dotted line represents a second culture under the same conditions, except that substance X was added. 7. Which of the following best accounts for the shape of the solid line between points A and D? A) After ten minutes the cellular enzymes became ineffective. B) ATP acted as an allosteric inhibitor on one or more of the enzymes. C) The measurements of pyruvic acid were unreliable. D) The cells required more glucose than was being provided. 8. Which of the following is most likely to result if oxygen is added to the tissue culture? A) Lactic acid formation will increase. B) For each glucose molecule consumed, more ATP will be formed. C) The levels of ATP produced will decrease. D) No change in the production of pyruvic acid will be observed. 5

47 Version C 9. The rate of pyruvic acid formation fluctuates because A) all glucose has reacted B) all enzymes have been used up C) the reaction is accelerated by positive feedback D) the reaction is affected by negative feedback 10. The data shown in the charts above was most likely collected during an experiment investigating which of the following cellular processes? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) Krebs Cycle C) anaerobic respiration D) fermentation 6

48 Version C Questions Respirometer Average Initial Average Final Reading Number Reading ml 0.10 ml ml 0.17 ml ml 0.29 ml ml 0.32 ml ml 0.10 ml The data shown above reflects class average data collected after performing an experiment to measure the amount of respiration occurring in radish seeds. Each respirometer was constructed using a 1.0 ml syringe attached to a graduated capillary tube. The radish seeds were placed inside the syringe and the plunger was reinserted. The end of the capillary tube was sealed using a drop of soap solution. The final readings were taken 15 minutes after the initial readings. 11. Of all of the respirometers that contained radish seeds, which respirometer contained seeds that had been germinated the longest? A) #2 B) #3 C) #4 D) #5 12. The initial experiment was conducted in a water bath held constant at 22ºC. Which of the following results would be expected if the experiment was repeated in a 10ºC water bath? 13. Which respirometer(s) used in this experiment most likely contain seeds that have been heat killed prior to the beginning of the investigation? A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 3 and 4 D) 1 and 5 A) Respirometers 2-4 would have volume changes greater than 0.17 ml. B) Respirometers 1-5 would have equal changes in the volume. C) Respirometers 1-5 would have changes in volume less than 0.17 ml. D) Respirometers 1 and 5 would have volume changes of 0.10 ml. 7

49 Version C 14. A small amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH) was added to each of the respirometers at the beginning of the experiment. Potassium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide, a gas, to produce calcium carbonate, a solid. Which of the following best describes the role of potassium hydroxide in the experiment? A) It provides the oxygen needed for cellular respiration. B) It is used to equalize the volume of irregularly shaped seeds. C) It allows measurements of the changes in the volume of oxygen. D) It is used to seal the chamber to prevent leakage of gases from the chamber. 15. The change in the volume in respirometers 2,3, and 4 is the result of A) the oxidation of acetyl CoA during Krebs cycle B) the reduction of oxygen to water during oxidative phosphorylation C) the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate during glycolysis D) the hydrolysis ATP during the energy investing stages of glycolysis 16. Which metabolic process is common to both aerobic cellular respiration and alcoholic fermentation? A) Glycolysis B) Krebs cycle C) Electron transport chain D) Production of proton gradient 8

50 Version C 17. The data shown above were collected from a eukaryotic cellular culture grown at a constant temperature of 37º C in a buffered environment. From what part of the cell and during which event were the samples most likely obtained? A) The mitochondrial cristae during the reduction of NADH. B) The mitochondrial matrix during the oxidation of NADH. C) The outer edge of the mitochondrial membrane during lactic acid fermentation. D) The mitochondrial intermembrane space during the oxidation of NADH. 9

51 Version C Glucose STEP 1 Glucose-6-Phosphate STEP 2 Fructose-6-Phosphate STEP 3 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate STEP 4 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dihydroxyacetone STEP 5 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate STEP 6 3-phosphoglycerate STEP 7 2-phosphoglycerate STEP 8 Phosphoenolypyruvate STEP 9 Pyruvate 18. A pharmaceutical company created a drug that acts as a competitive inhibitor for the enzyme critical to the conversion from step 3 to step 4 in the process shown above. The drug had been shown to kill bacteria and was being considered for use in humans with bacterial infections. Which of the following is the reason this drugs was rejected for use in humans? A) Bacterial cells are able to undergo anaerobic respiration and do not undergo glycolysis. B) Human cells perform glycolysis and the chemical would disrupt the process. C) Glycolysis in human cells does not employ enzymes so the drug would have no effect. D) So little ATP is produced by glycolysis the drug would be ineffective. 10

52 Version C Activity Energy released in the hydrolysis of a single ATP molecule Energy required to fire a single neuron Energy required for a bacteria to reproduce Energy required for one heart beat Energy Requirement (ev) ev ev ev 0.5 Joules* *1 ev = Joules 19. All the following statements are supported by the data EXCEPT A) Bacteria require more energy to reproduce than is required to fire a neuron. B) Energy is required by a eukaryotic organism to function, to grow and to reproduce. C) Active eukaryotic cells require a constant supply of energy in the form of ATP. D) Prokaryotic organisms are simple and as a result have no energy requirement. 20. During hibernation, the rate of cellular respiration in a mammal is typically less than half the rate measured when the mammal is not hibernating. Such slowed cellular respiration is most likely accompanied by which of the following? Pulse Rate Body Temperature A) Reduced Reduced B) Unchanged Reduced C) Reduced Increased D) Unchanged Increased 11

53 Version C Questions The graph below plots the rate of oxygen consumption for fish of differing body masses in a particular species. Each point represents measurements from a different fish. Measurements were taken at different temperatures. 21. Which of the following is NOT a likely explanation for the observed results? A) Rates of fermentation are higher at 25 C than at 10 C. B) Enzymes are affected by temperature. C) Electron transport occurs more rapidly at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures. D) Rate of oxygen consumption increases with temperature in this species of fish over this temperature range. 22. The fact that each line on the graph rises from left to right means that A) higher temperatures produce higher rates of metabolism B) there were more large fish in the samples taken at high temperatures C) larger fish consume more oxygen than smaller fish at all four temperatures D) when measurements are taken for larger fish late in the day, observed values are higher 12

54 Version C 23. The best explanation for the fact that not all points lie on any given line is that A) the thermometer was incorrectly calibrated B) the scale used to weigh the fish registered kg too little C) the fish grew during the course of the experiment D) organisms within populations show variability 24. The graphic above depicts multiple entry points for biological molecules along the pathway of aerobic respiration. Which of the following describes the evolutionary advantage of multiple entry points? A) The heterotroph s dependence upon autotrophs to capture energy is eliminated. B) A varied diet can be consumed without the loss of a viable energy source. C) Additional energy expenditures would be required to transform energy from multiple sources. D) Fewer respiratory enzymes would need to be synthesized to harvest energy from various sources. 13

55 Version C 25. Rotenone, a piscicide (fish poison), interferes with the transfer of electrons between Complex I and Complex II in the process shown above. Which of the following results would be expected in the mitochondria of fish exposed to Rotenone? A) Higher levels of oxygen would be present in the matrix. B) Higher levels of H + would be present in the intermembrane space. C) Higher levels of NADH would be present in the intermembrane space. D) An increased number of H + ions would be used to form water molecules. 26. The movement of electrons along the electron transport chain is accompanied by the movement of hydrogen ions. Which of the following occurs due to the build up of hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space? A) A concentration gradient forms that establishes a proton motive force to power the phosphorylation of ADP. B) A higher ph is established in the intermembrane space that serves to denature membrane enzymes to regulate the process of phosphorylation. C) A reduction in the number of chemically reactive atoms allowing for the production of ATP. D) The removal of energy from oxygen atoms to power oxidative phosphorylation. 27. Which of the following lists of molecules are arranged from highest to lowest amounts of Gibbs free energy, ΔG? A) pyruvic acid, carbon dioxide, glucose B) glucose, carbon dioxide, pyruvic acid C) carbon dioxide, pyruvic acid, glucose D) glucose, pyruvic acid, carbon dioxide 14

56 Version C 28. I. Glycolysis II. Krebs Cycle III. Fermentation During which cellular process listed above is ATP formed via substrate-level phosphorylation? A) I only B) I and II only C) I and III only D) I, II and III 29. In an experiment, a yeast culture was given a 10% glucose solution as a food source. The glucose used to make the solution contained a small amount of the radioactive isotope of oxygen, 15 O. After 30 minutes, which of the following substances would contain the radioactive oxygen isotope? A) the carbon dioxide in the air inside the flask B) the ATP inside each yeast cell C) the water in the solution in the flask D) the NADH in the mitochondria of the cells 30. Frogs of three different species are weighed and the amount of oxygen consumed by each species is determined by placing them in a respirometer for 1 hour. The results of this experiment are summarized in the table shown below. Species Average Weight (grams) Total Cubic Centimeters of Oxygen Consumed in 1 Hour Based on the data collected, which of the following best represents a reasonable conclusion for this experiment? A) Since all frogs respire through their skin, smaller frogs with smaller surface areas will consume less oxygen per gram of body weight than larger frogs with larger surface areas. B) Frogs placed in a warm environment will respire more rapidly than frogs placed in a colder environment. C) The amount of oxygen consumed per gram of body weight by the largest frog is almost twice that by the smallest frog. D) The amount of oxygen consumed per gram of body weight for each species is the same. 15