Isothiocyanate glycosides MD AHAD ALI KHAN DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY SUB

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1 Isothiocyanate glycosides MD AHAD ALI KHAN DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY SUB

2 These glycosides upon hydrolysis, yield Mustard oil. Plants containing these glycosides posses non-specific resistance against infection. These agents posses following properties; Vesicant - A substance that causes tissue blistering Rubefacient - A medicine for external application that produces redness of the skin

3 Botanical Name: Brassica nigra Brassica juncea Family: Brassicaceae Part used: Dried seeds

4 Seeds contain active principle Sinigrin (potassium myrinate) Upon hydrolysis, it produces; Mustard oil (allyl Isothiocyanate) In addition to this, it contains; Fixed oils Protein Mucilages

5 Stimulant - A drug that temporarily quickens some vital process Emetic - A medicine that induces nausea and vomiting Diuretic Increase urination Condiment - A preparation (a sauce or relish or spice) to enhance flavour or enjoyment Vesicant Rubefacient

6 Botanical Name: Sinapis alba Brassica alba or B. hirta Family: Brassicaceae Part used: Dried seeds

7 Seeds contain a fixed oil (about 30 per cent.) mucilage (in the epidermis of the seed-coat), proteids (about 25 per cent.) - The food substances which contain nitrogen are commonly called proteid Starch - about 4 per cent, of ash. A crystalline glucoside, sinalbin Myrosin - same enzyme found in the black mustard seed C 30 H 44 N 2 S 2 O 16 = C 7 H 7 O.N:C:S + C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 16 H 14 NO 5 HSO 4 Sinalbin Acrinyl isothiocyanate Dextrose Acid sinapine sulphate

8 Similar to black mustard Stimulant Emetic Diuretic Condiment Vesicant Rubefacient Counter irritant relief irritation

9 A small group of plant glycosides act directly on the heart muscle. These include (but are not limited to cardiac glycosides or cardenolides) Cardenolides are steroidal glycosides exert a slowing and strengthening effect on the failing cardiac muscle.

11 Effectiveness depends on both the aglycones and the sugar attachments. Medicinal action depends on the aglycone But the sugars make the compound more soluble in increases the fixation of the glycoside to the heart muscle

12 The overall action of Digitalis glycosides is complicated by the number of different effects produced. The exact mode of action on the myocardial muscle still needs investigation. It is thought to act in competition with K ions for specific receptor enzymes (ATPase) sites in the cell membranes of the heart muscle when there is an influx of Na ions. Effect is to increase the force of heart contraction Diuretic action relates to the improved circulatory effects.

13 Digitalispuruperea Biological Source: Digitalis consists of the dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea. Family: Scrophulariaceae It is required to contain at least 0.3% of total cardinolides calculated as digitoxin.

14 Parts Used: Leaves Habitat: Native to Western Europe. Although the plant is cultivated, wild plants are thought to be superior.

15 Glycosides -2 main actives in the fresh leaf Purpurea glycoside A Purpurea glycoside B Glucogitaloxin - At C-3 of the genin: a linear chain Glucogitaloxin - At C-3 of the genin: a linear chain of 3 digitoxose sugar moieties terminated by glucose

16 Also contains Anthraquinone glycosides Saponins Sopogenins Flavonoids

17 Tonic effect on the diseased heart Glycosides enable the heart to beat more strongly, slowly and regularly, without using or needing more O 2. Stimulates urine production lessening the load on the heart.

18 Allied Drugs D. thaspi D. lutea D. ferruginia Adulterants Verbascum thapsus (mullein leaves) Symphytum officinalis (Comfrey) Primula vulgaris (Primrose) Inula helenium (elecampane) Urtica dioica (stinging nettle)

It is not a cultivated species and is usually seen growing

19 Botanical Name: Strophanthus kombe Family: Apocynaceae Part Used: Dried seeds (ripe) Habitat: East Africa. It is not a cultivated species and is usually seen growing as a wild plant. It is not typically seen growing in other regions.

20 Strophanthoside Strophanthin Cymarin All based on genin - strophanthidin Alkaloid: Inoeine Fixed oil, resin Mucilage Strophanthin Glycoside Molecular formula: C 29 H 44 O 12

21 Uses - similar to Digitalis Chronic cardiac weakness Diuretic action (thought to be more powerful than Digitalis) Can be administered IV Actions Similar to Digitalis POISONOUS

22 Botanical Name: Urginea maritima Family: Liliaceae Other manes Urginea scilla Scilla maritima Common names Sea squill Red squill Sea onion Part used: Dried sliced bulbs Habitat: This squill is native to coastal regions of the Mediterranean in sandy soil, but it is widely cultivated.

23 Glycosides Scillaren A Scillaren B Scillitoxin, Scillipicrin and Scillin Carbohydrate - Sinistrin

24 Glycosides are poorly absorbed in GIT short action duration (not cumulative) In small doses: mild gastric irritation causing a reflex secretion of bronchioles Reflex expectorant action Larger doses: Emetic Diuretic Cardiotonic

25 Only under professional supervision. Toxic in excessive doses

26 In poisonous doses Produces violent inflammation of the gastro-intestinal and genito-urinary tracts Manifested by Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pains Purging In addition Dullness Stupor Convulsions A marked fall in temperature Enfeebled circulation Sometimes death

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Cardiac Glycosides drugs

Cardiac Glycosides drugs Learning Objectives Definition, distribution, localization and function of cardiac glycoside drugs. Physicochemical properties of cardiac glycoside drugs. Extraction, detection,