Composition and in vitro rate of gas production of canola and safflower seed affected by chemical treatment

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1 Composition and in vitro rate of gas production of canola and safflower seed affected by chemical treatment M.Sahebi ala, F. Kafilzadeh, M.Heidary Abstract : The objective of this study was to determine the effect of chemical treatment on composition and in vitro gas production of canola (Okapi) and safflower (PI ) seeds. Three ruminally fistulated sheep were used in a randomized complete design. Cumulative gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation. Canola and safflower seeds were treated with 0.7g formalin 37%. The gas production kinetics was described using the equation: G = A (1-e -c (t-l)-d ( t - L ) ). Formaldehyde treatment had significant effects on gas production kinetics. Formaldehyde treatment reduced total gas production (a), and organic matter digestibility (OMD). Introduction : A number of different oilseed crops such as oil seed rape, soybean, sunflower, and safflower are grown around the world. Oil seeds are major source of raw materials such as fat, protein, carbohydrate with potential application as nutritional and functional foods (Weiss, 2000). Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and Canola (brassica napus) are annual oil-seed crops that originated in the eastern Mediterranean area (Knowles, 1976) and Canadian (Mailer et al., 2008) respectively. Safflower is cultivated in ha in the world with a yield of tones. India is the largest producer of safflower in the world and grows the crop on hectares, producing about tons of seed annually (Rajvanshi, 2005). The average yield of canola in the Iran is 1549 kg per hectare and average global production is 1722 kg per hectares ( food.ir). Canola and Safflower seed contain 38-50% and 35-40% ether extract (EE) and 16-24% and 15-20% crude protein (CP) respectively, (shahidi, 1990). Safflower and canola seed can be used as a protein and energy supplement for ruminants (Bottler et al., 2002). Many studies have been performed to decrease the ruminal degradability of protein in oilseed meals using formaldehyde treatment because suppression of protein degradation in the rumen improves protein utilization (Nishimuta et al. 1974). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a chemical treatment (formaldehyde) of canola and safflower on chemical composition and in vitro gas production of canola and safflower seeds. Materials And Methods : Preparation of seeds In this study canola (Okapi cultivar) and safflower (PI cultivar) obtained from the Gene Bank of seed and plant breeding Institute, Karaj, Iran. Oilseeds milled using a hammer mill to pass through a 1 mm sieve for subsequent analysis Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran msahebi22@yahoo.com

2 Chemical analysis : Chemical composition of seeds was determined according to AOAC (1990). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and Acid detergent fiber (ADF) content were determined by the method of Van Soest (1991). Formaldehyde : Individual protein sources (20g) were placed in a dish and float in 0.7g formalin 37%. After addition of formaldehyde solution, the seeds were mixed well, poured into tubes and sealed for 5 days to prevent volatilization of formaldehyde. Then, the treated seeds were poured on to a plastic sheet to remove formaldehyde for 24h. In vitro gas production : The method used for gas production measurements was as described by Theodorou et al. (1994). To estimate the kinetics of gas production, data on cumulative gas volume produced were fitted using the generalized Mitscherlich model proposed by France et al. (1993): G = A (1-e -c (t-l)-d ( t - L ) ), Where G (ml) denotes cumulative gas production at time t, A (ml) is asymptotic gas production, c (h 1 ) and d (h 1/2 ) are rate constants and L (h) is lag time. All gas volumes were adjusted to a common sample weight of 200 mg DM (Lopez et al., 2007). Organic matter digestibility (Menke et al., 1979) and ME (Close and Menke, 1986) contents of canola and safflower seeds were estimated using equations given below: OMD (%) = GP CP Ash ME (MJkg -1 MD) = GP CP EE Ash Where, GP is 24 h net gas production (ml/200mg DM), CP is crude protein (%), EE is Ether Extract (%). Statistical Analysis : Data on gas production parameters and organic matter digestibility from canola and safflower seeds were subjected to one way analysis of variance using the SAS (SAS, 2000) and significance between individual means was identified using Duncan multiple-range test (Duncan, 1955). Result and Discusion : Chemical composition of the canola and safflower seeds is presented in Table 1. There was significant difference (P<0.01) between two seeds in terms of ASH, CP, EE, NDF and ADF concentrations. Canola contained high CP (21.6%) while CP content in safflower was low (13.8%). The CP levels of the canola and safflower seed that used in this experiment were similar to those reported by Kulich and Garipoglu (2009). Also safflower presented higher NDF and ADF content in comparison with canola. The NDF and ADF levels of the canola seed used in this experiment were agree with those reported by Leupp et al. (2006). Ether extract content was particularly low in safflower at 29.7% compared with 34.84% in canola. There were significant (P<0.01) differences between OM digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) of two oilseeds. The OMD was low in safflower at 29.2% compared with 37.2% in canola. This is due to low NDF and ADF content for canola, which has a negative correlation with digestibility (Amman, 2002).

3 Gas production kinetics parameters of canola and safflower seed are presented in table 2 and graphically illustrated in Fig.1. There were significant differences (P<0.01) between two oilseeds Table 1: Chemical composition of canola and safflower seeds Chemical composition Oilseeds Ash CP (%) EE (%) NDF (%) ADF (%) (%) Canola Safflower SEM p-value ** ** ** ** ** ASH; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; NS, non-significant SEM., standard error of the means Values in the same columns without common letters are significantly different (P<0.05). in all terms of kinetic parameters except for rate constants (c). The cumulative gas production for the safflower was significantly low in comparison to canola (9.0 vs. 13.7%). Different in gas production characteristics between canola and safflower seed may partly are due to differences in chemical composition.

4 Table 2. Cumulative gas production and kinetic parameters estimated of canola safflower and Gas parameters Oilseed A(ml 200 mg -1 ) c (h - ) L (h) OM D% ME (MJ kg 1 DM) Canola 13.8 a b 37.2 a 4.03 a Safflower 9.03 b a 29.2 b 3.24 b SEM P-value ** ns * ** ** Processing Control 17.9 a b b 38.1 a Formaldehyde 5.76 b a 1.70 a 28.2 b 4.57 a 2.82 b SEM P-value ** ** ** ** ** Interaction P-value ** ** ** ** ** A, potential gas production;(c), rate constants; L, lag time OMD, organic matter digestibility; ME, metabolizable energy *P<0.05; **P<0.01; NS, non-significant SEM., standard error of the means Values in the same columns without common letters are significantly different (P<0.05). Formaldehyde treatment reduced potential gas production (A) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) compare to control. Also this process increased rate constants (c) and lag time (L). Grinding of oilseeds to pass through a 1 mm screen could have masked the beneficial effects of formaldehyde treatment since grinding greatly enhances the surface area available for microorganisms. Formaldehyde treatment of oilseeds might have reduced the available protein to microorganism directly and reduced the available starch to microorganisms indirectly. Results of this study show that formaldehyde treatment reduced kinetics of gas production considerably.

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