Speaker: Paul De Smet. Thursday June 4th 2015
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1 Speaker: Paul De Smet Thursday June 4th 2015
2 Your logo Stress Support: the nutritional answer to stress, infection and disease Thursday June 4th 2015
3 Table of content Stress Support: the nutritional answer to stress, infection and disease Introduction Different kinds of stress Body response to stress and infection Stress Support: The Nutritional Answer
4 Introduction Objective of feeding animals = to provide the animals with sufficient nutrients for: Maintenace Requirements are well Production known Activity Requirements: Stress resistance and immunity Black Box
5 Feed consumption FC SPF farms kg High health farms kg Normal farms kg Stressed farms kg Cost of immunity = 72 kg Feed consumption Total maintenance requirement of a normal pig during its lifetime
6 Different kinds of stress Environment and hygiene Climate and air quality Weaning Transportation Crowding Infection and inflammation
7 Body response to stress Stress Brain: Hypothalamus Hypophysis Adrenal glands Cortisol and other corticosteroids Adrenaline
8 Secundary body response to stress Heart rate increased Breathing increased Fats and glucose released for energy Immune system suppressed
9 Body response to intruders First line defence: Skin Mucus Immunity System Innate immune system = non specific Specific immune system = acquired
10 Innate & adaptive immunity
11 The acute phase response Phospholipases Arachidonic acid Infection or tissue injury Local tissue macrophages IDC Hypothalamus fever ACTH Leukotrienes Prostaglandins Liver: Acute phase proteins CRP, SAA, MBL Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNF Vascular endotheel: Increased adhesion of Inflammatory cells Glucocorticoids Leukocytosis
12 The nutritional answer to stress & disease Immunomodulation to modify the different pathways in immune response Anti-oxidants to limit the damage provoked by inflammation process Nutrient requirements are modified and specific nutrients are required
13 Modulation of inflammation: Th1 versus Th2 response Pathogen-recognition receptors (PRR, TLR) induce inflammatory (Th1) and anti-inflammatory (Th2) response ω3/ω6 ratio in feed: anti-inflammatory (Th2) Vitamin A & D: anti-inflammatory (Th2) Lysine & carnitine
14 Conclusion Nutrition is modulating the Th1-Th2-Th17-Treg balance by communicating with the innate immune system and can direct immunity to inflammatory or less inflammatory responses
15 The nutritional answer to stress & disease Immunomodulation to modify the different pathways in immune response Anti-oxidants to limit the damage provoked by inflammation process Nutrient requirements are modified and specific nutrients are required
16 Oxidative Stress Stressfull conditions (inflammation, chemicals, carcinogens, radiation, air pollution, ) SOD Fe3+ O 2 - superoxide H 2 O 2 hydrogen peroxide Fe2+ OH - hydroxide Lipids Proteins DNA, RNA ONOO - peroxinitrite (very toxic) Catalases Peroxydases R-OO - Free secundary radicals Vit E, vit C H 2 O +O 2 ROOH
17 Oxidant & Antioxidant Oxidant = compound that is able to oxidise other molecules (lipids, proteins, DNA) Oxidation = removal H or electron, or addition of O Free radicals (unstable), e.g. HO, NO, O2- Very reactive, not radical molecules, bv. H2O2, HOCl, ONOO- Antioxidant = compound that is able to inactivate an oxidant without itself becoming reactive ROS AO
18 SOD and trace elements SOD1 : cytoplasm Cu/Zn components of SOD1 SOD2 : mitochondria Mn component of SOD2 SOD3 : extracellular Cu/Zn components of SOD3
19 Selenium and glutathion peroxidase Selenium : component of glutathione peroxidase Traditionally Sodium Selenite (Na2Se3) pro-oxidant Toxic! Organic Selenium : Better absorbed Much lower toxicity More efficient
20 Vitamin C and Vitamin E Vitamin C Water soluble Active in cell cytoplasm and body fluids Vitamin E Fat soluble Protects cell membranes, mitochondria and lipids Synergism between Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and glutathione
21 The nutritional answer to stress & disease Immunomodulation to modify the different pathways in immune response Anti-oxidants to limit the damage provoked by inflammation process Nutrient requirements are modified and specific nutrients are required
22 Effect of stress on amino acid requirement? Maintenance Body protein Protein requirement Foetuses Milk Stress and disease??
23 Relative AA Requirement Maintenance Protein Deposition Mg/kg MW % LYS g/16g N % LYS LYS MET M+C THR TRP ILE LEU VAL
24 Functions of Amino Acids Wu, 2010
25 Shift to other amino acids in stress situations? ESSENTIAL SEMI-ESSENTIAL NON-ESSENTIAL Lysine Glycine Threonine Glutamine Methionine Cysteine Asparagine Tryptophan Alanine Valine Serine Isoleucine Proline Leucine Serine Phenylalanine Tyrosine Arginine Histidine
26 Shift to other amino acids in stress situations traditionally classified NEAA (glutamine, arginine) : regulating gene expression cell signalling antioxidative responses immunity EAA (leucin, tryptophan) : modulate neurological and immunological functions Other EAA (methionine, threonine) are building blocks of specific proteins involved in immunity new concept of functional AA defined as those AA that regulate key metabolic pathways to improve health, survival, growth, development, lactation, and reproduction of organisms. Wu, 2010
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