A quantitative study on the gastric glands of cats

Transcription

1 A quantitative study on the gastric glands of cats By Akio Tsukamoto Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo. Japan (Director : Prof. Dr. T. Taniguchi) Introduction The quantitative studies on the gastric glands have been carried out by Mall (1892), using the dog's stomachs, by Toldt (1880), Zimmermann (1898), Johnson (1910), and by Scott (1925, 1929), employing the stomach of the human kind as a material. But very few investigations have reported the comparative studies on the quantitative difference of the gastric glands between each part of a stomach. Especially, there were no investigations which made a survey of the quantity of the gastric glandular cavity. The present study was undertaken to compare and investigate the regional difference between each part of a cat's stomach, observing the volume of the glandular cavity in a definite area, the number of the stomach glands, the number of the opening points of the gastric crypts and the length of the gastric gland. Materials and Methods The materials used in this study comprised five adult cats. They were killed after twenty-four starvations, when the stomach cavity was empty and the condition of the stomach was stable. The sections of 1 square cm. were taken from the seven different areas of a stomach, as Fig. 1 shows. The muscle-layers were stripped from the stomach, just beneath the tela submucosa. Cardboards were plastered on the surface which became naked by stripping of the muscle layers. Pieces of the stomach with the mucosal surface as nearly flat as was possible to obtain were used in this part of the work.

2 330 A. Tsukamoto Fig. 1. Areas from which blocks were excised Areasl-4: on the gastric axis which run through between the leser cuvature and greater curvature. Area 1: 1cm from the pylorus Area 2: from the one-third way from the pylorus which is on line between the cardia and pylorus Area 3: from the one third way from the cardia which is on line between the cardia and pylorus. Area 4: 1 cm from the cardia Area 5: on the central part on the lesser curvature. Area 6: on the central part on the greater curvature Area 7. at the top of the fundus The sections, treated as mentioned above, were fixed in 10% formaiin solution for 48 hours and embedded in celloidin. The serial sections of 20 /h thickness were cut in a plane parallel to the surface of the mucosa and were stained with haematoxylin-eosin staining. The fixation and the dehydration were carried out under a definite condition, as carefully as possible. When the counts of the gastric crypts and glands were made with a square representing square m m. each side of a square was 0.25 mm.), the glands and crypts on the sides of a square were counted as 0.5. The volume of the gastric glands was determined by measuring from the bottom of a gastric crypts to that of a gastric gland. The count was made by using a projection apparatus. The gastric glands in each sq. mm. were reflected on the papers which have a definite weight and area, at the magnification of 400 times. After the transcription, the pictures were cut out and were weighed by means of a spring balance. The capacity of the gastric glands was measured by Okajim a's method, which will be shown below. = F WDE W I m2 V: The capacity which was looked for. F: The area of the paper used. W1: The weight of the paper used. W: The weight of the paper which was cut out along the pictures. D:' The thickness of the sections. m: The magnification of the reflection.

3 A quantitative study on the gastric glands of cats 331 Table 1. Capacity and number of glandular ducts in case 1 in sq. mm. G= weight of the glands Z number of the glands

4 332 A. Tukamoto Table 2. Capacity and number of glandular ducts in case 2 in sq. mm.

5 A quantitative study on the gastric glands of cats 333 Table 3. Capacity and number of glandular ducts in case 3 in sq. mm. Observations The capacity and the number of the gastric glands in each sq. mm of the stomachs of five cats are found in the tables from 1 to 5.

6 334 A. Tsukamoto Table 4. Capacity and number of glandular ducts in case 4 in sq. mm.

7 A quantitative study on the gastric glands of cats 335 Table 5. Capacity and number of glandular ducts of case 5 in sq. mm.

8 336 A. Tsukamoto Summary and Discussion The total numbers of the gastric glands in sq. mm. of the gastric mucosa can be represented by the greatest number counted on one of the serial sections which are cut in a plane parallel to the surface of the mucosa. As shown in table 6 which demonstrated the mean value of the five animals, the number of the gastric glands is fewest in the pyloric area (37.8), when compared with the distribution of the glands in the other six parts, namely fundic area (54.2), the region which is one-third of the way from the pylorus on the stomach axis (52.9), cardiac area (51.0), the region which is halfway between the angle and the cardia on the lesser curvature (50.4), the region which is midway on the greater curvature (49.5) and the area which is one-third of the way from the cardia on the stomach axis. There are no significant differences in number between these six areas. Table 6. Number of glandular ducts in so. mm. The total number of the gastric crypts can be represented by the least number counted on one of the serial sections from the surface to the bottom of the mucosa, sectioned in the plane parallel to the surface of the mucosa. As shown in table 7 which demonstrates the mean values of each part of the stomachs of five cats, there are no remarkable differences of the number of the crypts between seven areas, namely, the area which is one-third of the way from the pylorus on the stomach axis (19.4), the region which is halfway on the greater curvature (19.3), the region which is halfway on 1.he lesser curvature (19.1), the fundic area (18.9) pyloric area (16.8), cadriac area (15.7), and the area which is one-third of the way from the cardia on the stomach axis (15.3). The number of the gastric glands which branch off from one

9 A quantitative study on the gastric glands of cats 337 crypt can be represented by the numerical value counted from the next formula. The number of the gastric glands in a definite area The number of the gastric crypts in a definite area of the same region. Table 7. Number of the crypt in sq. mm. Table 8. Number of glandular duct branched off from a crypt. As seen in table 8 which shows the mean value of the glands branched off from one crypt, the numerical value of the pyloric area (2.3) is the smallest of all other parts. There are no marked differences in number between six regions, namely, the cardiac (3.3), the area which is one-third of the way from the cardia on the stomach axis (3.1), the fundic area (2.6), the area which is one-third of the way from the pylorus on the stomach axis (2.8), the area which is halfway on the greater curvature (2.6) and the area which is halfway on the lesser curvature (2.6). The value of the number of the gastric glands which branched off from one crypt in this study is compared with that in the other reports. Scott (1925) counted them about 2.5 in the stage from the ninth fetal month to the second month after birth, 3.3 in the seventh

10 338 A. Tsukamoto month after birth, 6.0 in the stage from a seventeen months to six years old child and about 4.3 at puberty and by the adults. Test ut (1912) counted 8-12, Toldt (1880) did 4 and Don der s (1856) did 4-8 by adults of human kind. Frey (1874) reported 4-7 by rabbits. The mean value of the volume of the glands in each part of the stomach of five animals in sq. mm. is given in Table 9 and in Fig. 2. The numerical value of the halfway on the greater curvature ( Fig. 2. Capacity of sq. mm. glandular ducts in sq. mm sq. cm) is the largest. Supposing the volume in this area to be 100, the volume of the area which is one-third of the way from the cardia on the stomach axis ( sq. cm.) present 73.7, that of the area which is one-third of the way from the pylorus on the axis ( sq. cm) do 66.4, that of the area which is halfway on the lesser curvature ( sq. cm) do 47.8, that of the fundus ( sq. cm) do 41.5, that of the cardia ( sq. cm) do 31.7 and that of the

11 4). z 113 CD CPC! Fir c.4 CD Table 9. Capacity of glandular ducts in sq. mm. Table 10. Capacity of glandular duct branched off from a crypt.

12 340 A. Tsukamoto pylorus ( sq. cm) count In short, the volume of the gastric glands in a definite area is greatest at the halfway region on the greater curvature and seems to become smaller as the distance from the halfway region increases. The pyloric and cardiac regions where most distant from the halfway region on the greater curvature, the volume of the gastric glands is under one-third of that of the former. The latitude of the volume of the gastric glands in a definite area is from 3.7 to 1. Then the volume of the gastric glands in each area is compared with the distribution of parietal cells in the stomach in monkeys (Tokii and Tsukamoto 1953), the distribution of the parietal cells has a parallel relationship with the volume of the gastric glands in each area. The volume of the gastric glands branched off from one crypt can be calculated by the formula as follows : The volume of the gastric glands in a definite area The number of the openning points of the crypts in the same definite area As shown by Table 10 and by Fig. 3, the mean value of five animals is greatest in the halfway region of the greater curvature. Granted that the numerical value of the volume in the halfway region of the greater curvature is 100, that of the region which is one-third of the way from the cardia on the stomach axis ( sq. cm) is 90.4, that of the region which is one-third of the way from the pylorus on the stomach axis ( sq. cm) is 63.3, that of the halfway region on the lesser curvature ( sq. cm) is 43.9, that of the fundus ( sq. cm) is 40.8, that of the cardia ( sq. cm) is 37.5 and that of the pylorus ( sq. cm) is The latitude of this comparative value is from 3.5 to 1. In general, the volume of the gastric glands branched off from a gastric crypt is greatest in the central region on the greater curvature and seems to become smaller as the distance from the central region increases. The volume of a column of the gastric gland can be calculated by the next formula. The volume of the gastric glands in a definite area The number of the gastric glands in the same definite area Table 11 and Fig. 4 illustrate the regional difference of the volume of a column of the gastric gland. The mean value of the volume of the five animals is greatest in the central region of the greater

13 A quantitative study on the gastric glands of cats 341 (area) Fig. 3. Capacity of glandular ducts branched off from a crypt (area) Fig. 4. Capacity of one glandular duct

14 342 A. Tsukamoto curvature ( sq. cm). Garanting that the volume of this region is 100, that of the area which is one-third of the way from the cardia on the stomach axis ( sq. cm) is 75.3, that of the area which is one-third of the way from the pylorus on the axis ( sq. cm) is 58.0, the central region on the lesser curvature ( sq. cm) is 43.2, that of the fundic area ( sq. cm) is 39.7, that of the pyloric area ( sq. cm) is 33.9 and that of the cardiac area ( sq. cm) is The latitude of the comparative volume is from 3.4 to 1. Namely, the volume of a column of the gastric glands is greatest in the central region on the greater curvature and seems to become smaller in proportion as the distance from the central region increases. There is parallel relationship between the volume of the gastric glands in a definite area, the volume of a column of the gastric gland and the volume of the gastric glands branched off from one crypt. As a matter of convenience, the length of a gastric gland, namely, the length from the bottom of the gastric crypts to that of the gastric glands is represented by the product of the number of the sections in which a definite glands is observed and the thickness of a section. (area) Fig. 5. Length of the glandular duct

15 >11.0 C Al F., 74: C CD In C Q CD OD la w r,-.-t?i' Do V o a w 0.., n sa En c),) a a co Table 11. Volume of a glandular duct Table 12. Length of glandular duct

16 344 A. Tsukamoto Table 12 and Fig. 5 show the mean value of the length of a gastric gland in each part in five animals. The mean value of the length is greatest in the central region of the greater curvature (6.572 mm) then becomes smaller successively, at one-third of the way from the cardia on the stomach axis (0.466 mm), at one-third of the way from the pylorus on the axis (0.448 mm), at the central region on the lesser curvature (0.348 mm.), at the fundic area (0.312 mm), at the pyloric area (0.272 mm) and at the cardiac area (0.256 mm). The length of a gastric gland seems to become smaller in accordance with the increase of the distance from the central region -on the greater curvature. The length of the gastric glands in the pyloric and cardiac area in about half of that in the central region on the greater curvature. Generally speaking, the parallel relationship can be noticed between the length of the gastric glands and the volume of the glands in a definite area. According to Mall (1892) who studied dogs' stomach the length of the gastric glands was greatest in the fundic area (0.61 mm) and that of the pyloric area (0.36 mm) and of the cardiac area (0.36 mm) were smaller than the former. The linear arrangement of the regional numerical value of the length of the glands in the dogs' stomach coincides with that in the cats'. Conclusion The regional difference in the volume of the gastric glands in a definite area, in the number of the gastric glands, in the number of the gastric crypts and in the length of the gastric glands were examined in the stomachs of the adult cats after twenty four hours' starvat ion. 1) The total number of the gastric glands in sq. mm is smallest in the pyloric area (37.8). The numbers in the other six areas were from 48.3 to 54.2 and no significant difference of the total number is observed between these six areas. 2) The number of the openning points of the gastric crypt in sq. mm. of each area is from 15.3 to 19.4, and there is no significant difference between each area. 3) The number of the gastric glands branched off from one gastric crypt is fewest in the pyloric area (2.3), is from 2.6 to 3.3 in the other six areas. No remarkable differences are found between these six areas.

17 A quantitative study on the gastric glands of cats 345 4) The volume of the gastric glands in a definite area is greatest in the central region on the greater curvature. Supposing the volume of this region to be 100, that of the region which is one-third of the way from the cardia on the stomach axis is 66.4, that of the central region of the lesser curvature is 47.8, that of the fundic area is 41.5, that of the cardiac area is 31.7 and that of the pyloric area is The volume of the gastric glands decreases in proportion to the distance from the halfway region on the lesser curvature and is under one. third of the volume of the halfway region in the pyloric and cardiac areas. 5) The volume of the gastric glands branched off from one gastric crypt and that of a column of the gastric glands are both greatest in the central region on the greater curvature and decrease in proportion to the increase of the distance from the central region. Namely, there is a parallel relationship among the volume of the gastric glands in a definite area, the volume of the gastric glands branched off from one gastric crypt and the volume of a column of the gastric gland. 6) The length of the glands is greatest in the central region on the greater curvature and decreases as the distance from this region increases. In the pyloric and gastric areas, the length of the glands is about half of that of the former. There is almost parallel relationship between the length of the gastric glands and the volume of the gastric glands in a definite area. The author wants to express his sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. T. Ta ni guc hi and to Assistant Prof. K. Shim a i for their kind guidance and valuable criticism. Literatures 1) 13est and Taylor : Physiological basis of medical practice. 5 ed. Baltimore ) Donders, Physiologie des Menschen. Deutsch von F. W. Theile. Bd Aufl. Leipzig (zit. bei Op pel, A., Lehrbuch der vergleichenden mikro. skopischen Anatomic der Wirbeltiere. Erster Tell ) 3) Ferguson, J. S., Normal histology and microscopical anatomy. New York and London ) Frey, H., Handbuch der Histologic und Histochmie (zit. bei Scot t, G. H., Growth of crypts and glands of the human stomach. Am. J. Dis. Child. Vol ) 5) Gegen baur, C., Lehrbuch der Anatomic des Menschen. 6. Auf. Bd. 2. Leipzig ) Heidenhain, R., Untersuchungen tiben den Bau der Labdriisen. Arch. mikrosk. Anat. Bd

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