Evaluation of mineral and vitamin intake in the diet of a sample of Polish population baseline assessment from the prospective cohort PONS study

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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Annls of Agriculturl nd Environmentl Medicine 2011, Vol 18, No 2, Evlution of minerl nd vitmin intke in the diet of smple of Polish popultion bseline ssessment from the prospective cohort PONS study Rfł Ilow 1, Bożen Regulsk-Ilow 2, Dorot Różńsk 2, Ktrzyn Ztońsk 3, Mhshid Dehghn 4, Xiohe Zhng 4, Andrzej Szub 5, Lrs Vtten 6, King Jnik-Koncewicz 7, Mrt Mńczuk 7, Witold A. Ztoński 7,8 1 Deprtment of Food Science nd Dietetics, Wrocłw Medicl University, Wroclw, Polnd 2 Deprtment of Dietetics, Wrocłw Medicl University, Wroclw, Polnd 3 Deprtment of Socil Medicine, Wrocłw Medicl University, Wroclw, Polnd 4 Popultion Helth Reserch Institute, Deprtment of Medicine, McMster University, Hmilton, Cnd 5 Deprtment of Internl Medicine, Wrocłw Medicl University, Wroclw, Polnd 6 Norwegin University of Science nd Technology, Fculty of Medicine, Deprtment of Public Helth, University Medicl Centre, Trondheim, Norwy 7 Deprtment of Cncer Epidemiology nd Prevention, the Mri Skłodowsk-Curie Cncer Centre nd Institute of Oncology, Wrsw, Polnd 8 Europen Helth Inequlities Observtory, Institute of Rurl Helth, Lublin, Polnd Abstrct Objective: The im of this cohort study ws to evlute selected minerl nd vitmin intke of the Polish-Norwegin Study (PONS) prticipnts. Methods: Dily minerl nd vitmin intke of PONS study prticipnts ws estimted using Food Frequency Questionnire (FFQ). Overll, 3,862 inhbitnts of Świętokrzyskie Province ged (2,572 femles nd 1,290 mles) enrolled in the study. Results: Men clcium, iron, mgnesium, phosphorus, potssium, nd sodium intke were, in mles: mg/dy, 15.4 mg/dy, mg/dy, mg/dy, 2,453.4 mg/dy nd 2,571.5 mg/dy, nd in femles: mg/dy, 13.9 mg/dy, mg/dy, mg/dy, 2,497.3 mg/dy nd 2,301.8 mg/dy, respectively. Iron nd sodium intke ws significntly higher in mles compred to femles. Clcium intke ws lower in mles thn in femles nd in prticipnts ged then those ged Estimted dily sodium intke ws similr mong individuls with nd without hypertension. Men vitmin C, thimin, riboflvin, vitmin B 6, A nd E were, in mles: 80.1 mg/dy, 1.3 mg/dy, 1.5 mg/dy, 1.6 mg/dy, 8,454.0 IU/dy nd 5.4 mg/dy nd in femles: 83.7 mg/dy, 1.1 mg/dy, 1.6 mg/dy, 1.6 mg/dy, 9,494.6 IU/dy nd 4.9 mg/dy, respectively. Femles hd higher intke of vitmin C nd A, while mles hd higher thimin nd vitmin E intkes. Higher dily vitmin C intke ws observed in the younger thn in the older group, nd in prticipnts with higher eduction thn those with lower level of eduction. Conclusion: Significnt differences were observed in dily intke of some vitmins nd minerls by gender, ge, level of eduction, nd plce of residence. Some prticipnts hd lower intke of some minerls nd vitmins thn Polish recommendtions. Keywords prospective study, minerl intke, vitmin intke, Food Frequency Questionnire INTRODUCTION An importnt chrcteristic of helthy blnce diet is n dequte intke of minerls nd vitmins. Some minerls prticipte in body structure (such s clcium, phosphorus, mgnesium), some minerls re vitl for fluid nd electrolyte mngement nd cid-lkline blnce (e.g. sodium nd potssium), nd others tke prt in metbolic nd regultion processes. Vitmins re lso necessry components to ensure Address for correspondence: Rfł Ilow, Deprtment of Food Science nd Dietetics, Wroclw Medicl University, Nnkier 1, Wroclw, Polnd, phone: , fx: E-mil: rfl.ilow@gmil.com Received: 20 October 2011; ccepted: 26 November 2011 humn helth. They prticipte in metbolic processes, proper functioning of the nervous nd crdiovsculr system, re involved in nti-oxidnt processes. The metbolism of crbohydrtes, proteins, fts, nd synthesis of hormones re lso dependent on vitmins [1,2]. To ensure n dequte supply of minerls nd vitmins, diet should include whole grin cerels, vegetbles nd fruits rich in vitmin C nd bet-crotene, low-ft milk nd diry products nd vegetble oils s sources of unsturted ftty cids. A helthy diet hs significnt impct on the prevention of chronic diseses. Severl studies hve indicted tht sturted ftty cid intke, fibre intke or ntioxidnt vitmins, sodium nd potssium intke re ssocited with crdiovsculr nd cncer risk fctors [3]. Between ,

2 236 Annls of Agriculturl nd Environmentl Medicine 2011, Vol 18, No 2 Rfł Ilow, Bożen Regulsk-Ilow, Dorot Różńsk, Ktrzyn Ztońsk, Mhshid Dehghn, Xiohe Zhng et l. Evlution of minerl nd vitmin intke in the diet dietry fctors, such s decresing sturted ftty cid intke, incresing vegetble oils consumption (rpeseed nd soyben s source of unsturted ftty cids), nd incresing fruit nd vegetble consumption were ssocited with decresing crdiovsculr disese mortlity in Polnd [4]. The im of present study ws to ssess the dily intke of minerls nd vitmins by PONS study (The Polish- Norwegin Study) prticipnts, nd to compre prticipnts intke with dietry guidelines recommended for the Polish popultion. MATERIALS AND METHODS The presented results re preliminry nlysis dt from the first wve of prticipnts of Polish-Norwegin Study (PONS) of chronic diseses in the Świętokrzyskie Province of Polnd, lrge open-ended prospective study with very brod reserch ims. The im of this study is to understnd the cuses of premture morbidity nd mortlity in Polnd, nd to estblish solid bse of knowledge for prevention nd intervention ctions. Smple nd dt collection. Recruitment units were estblished in urbn nd rurl res of Świętokrzyskie Province. Eligibility criteri for the project popultion were plce of residence (city of Kielce nd Świętokrzyskie Province) nd ge (45-64 yers old). The results presented in this pper re bsed on dt from the first 3,862 prticipnts 2,572 femles nd 1,290 mles within the bove-mentioned ge group, of whom 1,182 were rurl nd 2,680 urbn inhbitnts. The prticipnts were recruited between Men ge, BMI nd wist circumference mong the rurl inhbitnts ws, in mles: 55.0±5.5 yers old, 29.0±3.9 kg/m 2, nd 100.7±9.8 cm, nd in femles: 53.9±5.1 yers old, 29.1±5.2 kg/m 2 nd 90.7±11.8 cm. Among urbn inhbitnts, these prmeters were, respectively, in mles: 56.1±5.3 yers old, 28.3±3.8 kg/m 2, nd 99.0±10.4 cm nd in femles: 56.2±5.2 yers old, 27.8±4.8 kg/m 2 nd 87.3±11.5 cm. All prticipnts were exmined in ccordnce with the PONS project protocol. The questionnire informtion ws collected s systemtic interview, nd the responses were entered on n electronic form; fter completion of the interview, the dt were sent directly to dt server for processing nd further mngement. Mesurement. Long term dietry intke of the prticipnts ws ssessed by food frequency questionnire (FFQ). PONS FFQ ws constructed bsed on previously developed nd vlidted FFQ for the Polish brnch of the PURE study [5]. Development nd vlidtion methods for FFQ were bsed on previous studies conducted in the United Arb Emirtes nd Kuwit [6], nd in Colombi [7]. The PONS questionnire included questions concerning 55 food items. Portions sizes were described s typicl portions used t home (e.g. glss, slice, tespoon, plteful). Ech question ws divided into 2 prts. In the first prt, prticipnts were sked if they were eting/drinking ech item t lest once month, for exmple, slice of cheese or glss of semi-skimmed/low ft milk). The possible nswers were: Yes, No, Don t know nd Refusl. In the second prt of the question, prticipnts were sked bout consumption frequency of ech item in the lst yer (e.g. How often in the pst 12 months did you et slice of cheese? ). The possible frequencies of consumption rnging from 1-3 times month to 6 times per dy. The question bout sugr consumption ws formulted differently nd prticipnts were sked how mny tespoons they normlly dded to drinks nd mels every dy. In the response, they hd to indicte the number of tespoons sugr. The questionnire included dditionl questions concerning oils consumption: cnol oil, soyben oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, nd other oils (e.g. grpe seed oil), nd the frequencies of consumption ws formtted similr to the other prt of FFQ. The FFQ did not include question bout lcohol intke, however, PONS study recorded individuls lcohol intke by nother questionnire. We incorported the recorded lcohol intke in the energy estimtion. It ws ssumed tht dietry intke of minerls nd vitmins ws in ccordnce with recommendtions when the intke ws t % of Estimted Averge Requirement (EAR) or Adequte Intke (AI). It ws ssumed tht insufficient intke ws below 90% of EAR or AI, nd excessive intke ws bove 110% of EAR or AI. The recorded frequencies of consumption were converted into dily intke, nd dily foods nd nutrients intke were clculted. To compute the dily nutrient intke, the reported frequency of consumption for ech food item ws multiplied by the portion size, nd then the totl food intke ws converted to nutrient intke bsed on the food s nutrient profile. Dily intke of foods nd nutrients ws computed t the Popultion Helth Reserch Institute (PHRI) t McMster University, Hmilton, Cnd. Bsed on the US Deprtment nd Agriculturl (USDA) [8] nd Polnd s Food Composition Tble [9], specil nutrient food dtbse, which included food products nd dishes commonly eten in Polnd, ws constructed. Merchnt nd Dehghn [10] described previously the procedure for compiling food composition dtbse from USDA nd locl food composition tbles. The intke of 10 minerls nd 22 vitmins in the PONS study group ws evluted. Sttisticl nlysis. Men (SD) nd medin were clculted to summrize continuous vribles. For ll nlysis, the criterion for sttisticl significnce ws set t lph=0.05. Sttisticl nlysis were crried out using computer progrmme STATISTICA v 9.1 PL SttSoft Inc., USA. Ethics. The study ws pproved by the Ethics Committee of the Cncer Centre nd the Institute of Oncology in Wrsw, Polnd. RESULTS Men dily minerls intke of prticipnts is shown in Tbles 1 nd 2. It ws found tht iron, sodium, zinc, copper, nd mngnese intke were significntly higher in mles thn femles, while clcium intke ws significntly lower in mles thn in femles (Tb. 1). It ws observed tht more thn 90% of prticipnts hd clcium nd potssium intkes below recommendtions. More thn 90% of mles nd lmost 70% of femles hd mgnesium intkes below the recommendtions. Insufficient zinc intke ws observed in bout 80% of mles nd more thn 40% of femles (Tb. 2). It ws lso found tht younger prticipnts hd higher intke of some minerls thn others (Tb. 3).

3 Annls of Agriculturl nd Environmentl Medicine 2011, Vol 18, No 2 Rfł Ilow, Bożen Regulsk-Ilow, Dorot Różńsk, Ktrzyn Ztońsk, Mhshid Dehghn, Xiohe Zhng et l. Evlution of minerl nd vitmin intke in the diet 237 Tble 1. Men (SD) dily minerl intke in the PONS study group by gender Minerl Unit Mles n=1290 Femles n=2572 Clcium mg (272.2) (306.8) Iron mg 15.4 (6.2) 13.9 (5.6) Mgnesium mg (66.9) (76.6) Phosphorus mg (289.0) (333.7) Potssium mg (736.9) (886.1) Sodium mg (860.4) (810.4) Zinc mg 6.9 (2.2) 6.7 (2.4) Copper mg 2.1 (1.4) 1.9 (1.0) Mngnese mg 10.2 (3.8) 9.4 (3.8) Selenium μg 81.6 (27.5) 75.9 (29.3) SD stndrd devition significnt differences between mles nd femles, p<0.05 Tble 3. Men (SD) dily minerl intke in the PONS study group by ge Minerl Unit y.o. n= y.o. n=2276 Clcium mg (299.2) (293.8) Iron mg 14.6 (6.5) 14.2 (5.3) Mgnesium mg (78.7) (69.6) Phosphorus mg (332.8) (310.2) Potssium mg (920.5) (777.6) Sodium mg (891.6) (796.0) Zinc mg 6.9 (2.5) 6.7 (2.2) Copper mg 2.0 (1.4) 1.9 (0.9) Mngnese mg 9.6 (4.2) 9.7 (3.6) Selenium μg 79.1 (30.6) 77.0 (27.5) SD stndrd devition significnt differences between ge groups, p<0.05 Tble 2. Men (SD) dily minerl intke in the PONS study group by gender nd plce of residence Minerl Unit Rurl Urbn Mles n=396 Femles n=786 Mles n=894 Femles n=1786 Men (SD) % of diets <PR Men (SD) % of diets <PR Men (SD) % of diets <PR Men (SD) % of diets <PR Clcium mg (258.5) c 92.9% (278.2) 90.7% (278.0) b 92.7% (318.5) 91.3% Iron mg 15.2 (5.4),c 0.0% 13.9 (4.3) d 1.7% 15.4 (6.5) b 0.7% 13.8 (6.1) 2.0% Mgnesium mg (61.0) 93.9% (59.6) 69.8% (69.2) 90.7% (82.9) 67.7% Phosphorus mg (266.7) c 8.6% (280.2) 5.6% (297.6) 6.5% (354.3) 6.3% Potssium mg (671) 99.2% (672) 98.3% (764) 96.6% (965) 96.7% Sodium mg (731),c 2.0% (658) d 4.8% (911) 2.7% (869) 6.8% Zinc mg 6.7 (2.0) 83.1% 6.6 (1.9) d 47.2% 7.0 (2.3) 79.4% 6.8 (2.5) 43.7% Copper mg 2.1 (1.0) c 0.3% 1.9 (0.9) d 1.4% 2.1 (1.6) b 0.7% 1.8 (1.0) 2.3% Mngnese mg 10.1 (3.0) c (3.2) d (4.1) b (4.1) - Selenium μg 77.7 (25.2) e 3.5% 72.9 (23.6) d,f 5.6% 83.4 (28.3) b 3.4% 77.3 (31.3) 4.7% SD stndrd devition 1 vs 2; b 3 vs 4; c - 1 vs 4; d 2 vs 3; e 1 vs 3; f 2 vs 4 sttisticlly significnt differences, p<0.05 PR Polish Recommendtions Tble 4 shows the intke of minerls of prticipnts bsed on level of eduction. Overll, the intke of minerls ws lower mong people with lower level of eduction thn the others. The estimted dily sodium intke ws similr mong mles with nd without hypertension, nd mong femles with nd without hypertension. Men dily intke of vitmins in the study group is presented in Tble 5 nd 6. Femles hd higher intke of vitmins C, B 5 nd A thn mles (p<0.05), nd it ws lso observed tht mles, compred to femles, consumed significntly more thimin (1.3 vs 1.1 mg/dy), nicin (18.5 vs 17.4 mg/dy), folte (279.3 vs μg/dy) nd vitmin E (5.4 vs 4.9 mg/dy). Intke of vitmin B 6 ws lso higher in mles thn in femles. Almost 50% of the studied mles nd bout 35% of studied femles hd vitmin C intke below recommendtions. Men dily folte intke in more thn 60% of the prticipnts ws too low compred with recommendtions. Among vitmins B, the lowest intke compred with recommendtions ws observed for vitmin B 5 (bout 80% of the prticipnts the Tble 4. Men (SD) dily minerl intke in the PONS study group by eduction level Minerl Unit Primry Trde Secondry University eduction eduction eduction eduction n=230 n=687 n=1710 n=1235 Clcium mg (292.8) c (285.3) (301.5) (295.3) Iron mg 14.4 (4.9) 15.2 (5.7) d,e 14.3 (6.1) 14.0 (5.6) Mgnesium mg (62.9) b,c (66.2) e (78.1) f (72.1) Phosphorus mg (291.7) b,c (293.6) e (334.3) (315.7) Potssium mg (724.9) c (789.3) (893.1) (807.6) Sodium mg (713.1) (832.2) d,e (876.4) (800.7) Zinc mg 6.3 (2.0),b,c 6.7 (2.2) 6.8 (2.4) 6.9 (2.2) Copper mg 2.0 (1.0) 2.1 (1.0) d,e 2.0 (1.3) 1.9 (0.9) Mngnese mg 9.5 (3.1) 10.2 (4.0) d,e 9.7 (4.1) 9.3 (3.4) Selenium μg 69.8 (24.0),b,c 76.3 (26.3) e 77.1 (29.5) f 80.9 (29.5) SD stndrd devition 1 vs 2; b 1 vs 3; c 1 vs 4; d 2 vs 3; e 2 vs 4; f 3 vs 4 sttisticlly significnt differences, p<0.05

4 238 Annls of Agriculturl nd Environmentl Medicine 2011, Vol 18, No 2 Rfł Ilow, Bożen Regulsk-Ilow, Dorot Różńsk, Ktrzyn Ztońsk, Mhshid Dehghn, Xiohe Zhng et l. Evlution of minerl nd vitmin intke in the diet Tble 5. Men (SD) dily vitmin intke in the PONS study group by gender Vitmins Unit Mles n=1290 Femles n=2572 Vit. C mg 80.1 (45.2) 83.7 (53.5) mg 1.3 (0.4) 1.1 (0.4) mg 1.5 (0.6) 1.6 (0.6) mg 18.5 (5.7) 17.4 (6.1) mg 3.6 (1.3) 3.8 (1.4) mg 1.6 (0.6) 1.6 (0.6) Folte totl μg (92.0) (96.2) μg 5.8 (6.2) 5.7 (4.4) Vit. A IU (4235.0) (6395.0) Vit. A μg_rae (649.9) (550.9) Retinol μg (571.1) (396.6) α-crotene μg (690.9) (1223.4) β- crotene μg (1679.9) (3002.2) Vit. E mg 5.4 (2.2) 4.9 (2.3) SD stndrd devition significnt differences between mles nd femles, p<0.05 intke ws below recommendtions). Almost 30% of mles nd 20% of femles hd insufficient vitmin B 1 intke, nd, respectively, 27% nd 23% hd vitmin B 6 intke below recommendtions. Vitmin E intke ssessed in the PONS study group ws very low compred with recommendtions. Insufficient intke of this vitmin ws observed in bout 90% of the study group (Tb. 6). Significnt differences between prticipnts ged nd were observed only with regrd to vitmin C, thimin nd nicin (Tb. 7). A higher dily vitmin intke ws observed in the younger thn in the older group (vitmin C, respectively, 85.6 vs 80.4 mg/dy; nicin 18.0 vs 17.5 mg/dy). Intke of vitmin B 1 ws lso higher in the younger thn in the older ge group. Tble 7. Men (SD) dily vitmin intke in the PONS study group by ge Vitmins Unit y.o. n= y.o. n=2276 Vit. C mg 85.6 (56.4) 80.4 (46.6) mg 1.2 (0.5) 1.2 (0.4) mg 1.6 (0.6) 1.5 (0.6) mg 18.0 (6.7) 17.5 (5.5) mg 3.7 (1.5) 3.7 (1.2) mg 1.6 (0.7) 1.6 (0.6) Folte totl μg (100.6) (90.6) μg 5.9 (6.1) 5.6 (4.1) Vit. A IU (6459.0) (5264.9) Vit. A μg_rae (709.1) (482.0) Retinol μg (567.6) (371.2) α-crotene μg (1164.9) (1017.2) β- crotene μg (2883.6) (2469.2) Vit. E mg 5.2 (2.5) 5.0 (2.1) SD stndrd devition significnt differences between ge groups, p<0.05 Prticipnts with primry eduction hd lower vitmin C, nicin, riboflvin, vitmin B 5 nd folte intke thn those with secondry nd university eduction (Tb. 8). DISCUSSION In this study, the dily intke of minerls nd vitmins ws ssessed mong prticipnts of PONS study. It ws observed tht minerl intke ws higher mong mles thn femles, but femles consumed more vitmins thn mles. Prticipnts with lower level of eduction hd less minerl nd vitmin intke thn those with higher level of eduction. The results presented indicte tht the prticipnts in this study hd lower intkes of clcium, mgnesium, potssium Tble 6. Men (SD) dily vitmin intke in the PONS study group by gender nd plce of residence Vitmin Unit Rurl Urbn Mles n=396 Femles n=786 Mles n=396 Femles n=786 Men (SD) % of diets <PR Men (SD) % of diets <PR Men (SD) % of diets <PR Men (SD) % of diets <PR Vit. C mg 77.1 (40.0) 46.5% 81.4 (43.3) 35.5% 81.5 (47.4) 48.1% 84.7 (57.4) 34.7% mg 1.2 (0.4) 31.8% 1.1 (0.4) d 18.7% 1.3 (0.4) b 27.5% 1.1 (0.5) 19.7% mg 1.5 (0.5) 14.4% 1.5 (0.5) 3.2% 1.5 (0.6) 11.3% 1.6 (0.6) 4.3% mg 18.0 (4.9) 4.3% 17.0 (4.6) d 3.1% 18.7 (6.0) b 5.4% 17.5 (6.7) 4.7% mg 3.5 (1.1) c 81.1% 3.7 (1.2) 77.6% 3.7 (1.3) 79.4% 3.8 (1.5) 77.7% mg 1.5 (0.5) 27.5% 1.5 (0.5) d 19.5% 1.6 (0.6) 26.4% 1.6 (0.7) 24.0% Folte totl μg (85.3) 65.2% (80.2) d 67.3% (94.6) b 57.2% (102.4) 66.3% μg 5.6 (3.8) 10.9% 5.8 (4.8) 8.0% 5.9 (7.0) 9.1% 5.6 (4.2) 8.1% Vit. A IU 8459 (3533) c (4053) (4513) b (7185) - Vit. A μg_rae 859.0(405.1) (496.5) (732.8) (573.4) - Retinol μg 430.3(345.1) (435.8) (646.5) (377.9) - α-crotene μg (660) (739) (704) (1383) - β- crotene μg 3472 (1604) c (1810) d (1713) b (3394) - Vit. E mg 5.1 (2.0) 96.2% 4.9 (1.8) d 89.2% 5.4 (2.3) b 93.2% 5.0 (2.4) 88.8% SD stndrd devition 1 vs 2; b 3 vs 4; c - 1 vs 4; d 2 vs 3 sttisticlly significnt differences, p<0.05 PR Polish Recommendtions

5 Annls of Agriculturl nd Environmentl Medicine 2011, Vol 18, No 2 Rfł Ilow, Bożen Regulsk-Ilow, Dorot Różńsk, Ktrzyn Ztońsk, Mhshid Dehghn, Xiohe Zhng et l. Evlution of minerl nd vitmin intke in the diet 239 Tble 8. Men (SD) dily vitmin intke in the PONS study group by eduction level Vitmin Unit Primry Trde Secondry University eduction eduction eduction eduction n=230 n=687 n=1710 n=1235 Vit. C mg 71.2 (41.3) b,c 77.1 (44.0) e 81.8 (53.6) f 88.7 (51.6) mg 1.1 (0.4) 1.2 (0.4) 1.2 (0.5) 1.2 (0.4) mg 1.5 (0.5) b,c 1.5 (0.5) 1.6 (0.6) 1.6 (0.6) mg 16.7 (5.0),c 17.8 (5.2) 17.7 (6.5) 17.9 (5.9) mg 3.5 (1.2) b,c 3.6 (1.2) 3.7 (1.5) 3.8 (1.3) mg 1.5 (0.5) 1.6 (0.6) 1.6 (0.6) 1.6 (0.6) Folte totl μg (83.3),b,c (80.9) (99.0) (97.9) μg 5.7 (4.6) 5.8 (4.1) 5.8 (6.0) 5.6 (4.2) Vit. A IU (4052.6) (4975.5) (6535.0) (5354.7) Vit. A μg_rae (488.7) (477.8) (692.0) (489.5) Retinol μg (423.9) (366.1) (550.2) (375.7) α-croμg tene (744.0) (947.9) (1199.2) (1027.2) β- croμg tene (1790.5) (2307.9) (2959.3) (2494.5) Vit. E mg 4.8 (1.9) 5.2 (2.1) 5.1 (2.4) 5.1 (2.3) SD stndrd devition 1 vs 2; b 1 vs 3; c 1 vs 4; d 2 vs 3; e 2 vs 4; f 3 vs 4 sttisticlly significnt differences, p<0.05 nd zinc thn the Polish recommendtion [1]. Similr to our finding, previous studies lso showed insufficient clcium intke in the Polish popultion [11-14]. Men dily intke of clcium in yer-old inhbitnts of Wrocłw ws nd mg in mles, nd mg nd mg in femles, respectively [15, 16]. Clcium intke in the Americn popultion (40-59-yers-old) reported by in the Ntionl Helth nd Nutrition Exmintion Survey (NHANES) ws 969 mg/dy in mles, nd 744 mg/dy in femles [17]. Mgnesium intke ssessed in our study mong mles ws lower thn in the WOBASZ study, while mong femles it ws similr [11, 12]. Among mles from the POL-MONICA BIS study in Wrsw [14] nd Trnobrzeg [13], the mgnesium intke ws mg/dy nd mg/dy, which ws higher thn in our study. The intke of mgnesium mong femles from POL-MONICA BIS study in Wrsw ws mg/dy, nd in Trnobrzeg, mg/dy [13, 14]. Men dily intke of mgnesium in the popultion of Wrocłw ws higher thn in our study [15, 16]. Dily mgnesium intke mong yer-old Americn popultion ws 349 mg in mles, nd 258 mg in femles [17]. Yng et l. suggest [18] tht higher sodium-potssium rtio is ssocited with significntly incresed risk of CVD nd ll-cuse mortlity. It ws lso found tht in the US popultion higher sodium intke increses totl mortlity. In the PONS study, it ws observed tht lmost ll of the prticipnts hd potssium intke below recommendtions, while bout 90% of the study group hd sodium intke bove recommendtions. These dverse proportions my hve n importnt influence on prevlence of hypertension nd CVD in the study group. Potssium intke observed in the POL-MONICA BIS study in Wrsw [14] nd Trnobrzeg [13] mong mles ws higher thn in our study. The men dily potssium intke mong 40-yer-old Wrocłw inhbitnts ws 4,013.3 mg in mles, nd 3,187.3 mg in femles, while mong 50-yer-old inhbitnts it ws 3,745.7 mg nd 3,051.6 mg, respectively [15, 16]. Among the US popultion ged 40-59, the dily potssium intke ws 3,332 mg in mles, nd 2,523 mg in femles [17]. The dily intke of sodium ssessed in the POL-MONICA BIS study, compred with our results, ws similr mong mles but lower mong femles [13, 14]. Sodium intke ssessed in NHANES ws very high nd mounted to 4,132 mg/dy in mles, nd 2,978 mg/dy in femles [17]. In the presented study it ws observed tht despite underreporting in the study, the intke of minerls, such s iron, phosphorus nd copper in lmost ll of the study group ws higher thn Polish recommendtions [1]. A lower dily iron intke thn in our study ws observed in previous Polish studies [11,13,14]. The men dily iron intke mong mles in Wrocłw ws similr to the presented study, while mong femles it ws lower [15, 16]. A higher iron intke thn in the presented study mong mles, nd similrly mong femles, ws observed in the US popultion [17]. A high phosphorus intke ws in the the PONS study. Moreover, tking into ccount the low clcium intke, this my increse the risk of osteoporosis in the study group. Ilow et l. [15, 16] observed n even higher phosphorus intke mong the Wrocłw popultion, especilly mong mles, thn in the PONS study group. The phosphorus intke observed in NHANES ws lso very high nd mounted to 1,565 mg/dy in mles, nd 1,111 mg/dy in femles [17]. Vitmins my ply n importnt role in the prevention of CVD. It must be stressed tht vitmin intke should be supplied by helthy diet, nd not by using supplements [19]. In rndomized tril conducted in the UK mong people with high risk of deth from coronry hert disese, n ntioxidnt supplementtion ws nlyzed. Vitmin A, C nd E supplementtion did not hve beneficil impct on tretment [20]. The supplementtion of vitmin E hs not been supported in mny studies [21-23]. It ws found tht high ntioxidnt intke with diet hs n influence on reducing the risk of CVD, while the effect of supplementtion ws not so evident [24]. Moreover, it ws found tht supplementtion my hve hrmful effects, such s in the cse of bet-crotene supplementtion, which cused n incresed incidence of lung cncer in smokers [25]. No influence on decresing the risk of recurrent CVD fter myocrdil infrction were found for vitmin B supplementtion [26]. In the presented study, low vitmin intke ws observed, which my result in n incresed risk of CVD in the study group. Men dily vitmin C intke ssessed in the WOBASZ study [11, 12] nd in the POL-MONICA BIS study in Trnobrzeg [13] ws lower thn in our results, while in the POL-MONICA BIS study in Wrsw [14] it ws higher, wheres the dily intke of vitmin C observed in the Wrocłw popultion ws higher thn in the PONS study [15, 16]. In the USA, the dily vitmin C intke observed mong yer-old Americns mounted to 107 mg in mles, nd 91 mg in femles [27]. Compred with the presented study, vitmin B 1 intke ssessed in the WOBASZ [11,12] nd POL-MONICA BIS studies [13,14] ws higher in mles, nd lower in femles. The intke of vitmin B 1 mong Wrocłw inhbitnts ws similr in femles nd higher in mles thn in the PONS study [15,16]. In ge group of yer-old Americn popultion, they consumed more vitmin B 1 (mles 1.9 mg/dy; femles 1.4 mg/dy) compred with the presented study [27]. A better chievement of recommendtions in the PONS popultion ws found for the intke of vitmin B 2, B 3 nd B 12. Among the yer-old Wrocłw inhbitnts, the vitmin B 2 intke in femles ws 1.4 mg/dy (in both ge

6 240 Annls of Agriculturl nd Environmentl Medicine 2011, Vol 18, No 2 Rfł Ilow, Bożen Regulsk-Ilow, Dorot Różńsk, Ktrzyn Ztońsk, Mhshid Dehghn, Xiohe Zhng et l. Evlution of minerl nd vitmin intke in the diet groups), nd in mles, 1.8 nd 1.7 mg/dy, respectively [15, 16]. The dily intke of nicin (vitmin B 3 ) ws higher mong the yer-old mles in Wrocłw (22.5 mg nd 20.8 mg, respectively) thn in the presented study, while mong the femles it ws lower (14.6 mg nd 14.7 mg) [15, 16]. Regrding vitmin E, the results of the presented study were lso very low compred with other Polish studies [11-16]. The dietry intke of the PONS prticipnts ws mesured using short FFQ, which my hve underestimted the dily nutrient intke. Therefore, the results of the presented study my slightly differ from previous studies conducted in Polnd, where 24-hours recll ws used s method of mesurement. CONCLUSIONS Significnt differences were observed in the dily intke of some vitmins nd minerls by gender, ge, level of eduction, nd plce of residence. Some prticipnts hd lower intke of some minerls nd vitmins thn the Polish recommendtions. It is importnt to py ttention to proper proportions between minerls, such s clcium nd phosphorus, nd between sodium nd potssium, becuse this my ply significnt role on the prevlence of such diseses s osteoporosis nd hypertension. Insufficient intke of minerls nd vitmins should be eliminted by n increse in the consumption of fruit, vegetbles, whole grin cerels, nd low-ft diry products. A properly blnced nd vried diet will supply sufficient intke of ll necessry nutrients. In Polnd, there re institutions which could be involved In the promotion of such ction [28]. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The study ws supported by grnt from the Polish- Norwegin Reserch Fund (PNRF-228-AI-1/07). 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