Maintenance Planning of Steel Structures in Pulp and Paper Mills. Table of Contents. Introduction

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1 Maintenance Planning of Steel Structures in Pulp and Paper Mills Introduction ix 1. Use of Starch in the Paper Industry Edition, 2013 Editorial Update 1.1. Literature Cited 2 2. Colloidal and Polymeric Chemistry of Starches Properties of Starches Granular State of Starch Dispersion of Starch Granules Paste State of Starch Reversion of Dispersion Properties of Amylose and Amylopectin Chemical Modification of Starch Major Groups of Modified Starch Starch Paste for Use in Paper Coating Literature Cited Application Requirements for Starch in the Paper Industry Viscosity Specifications Charge Specifications Dispersion Stability Starches for Use in Surface Sizing and Paper Coating Current and Future Requirements for Starch Products Literature Cited Starch Spoilage Robert Kearney 4.1. Cooked Starch Cleaning of Pipes and Equipment Used for Starch 31 iii

2 iv 4.3. Chemical Control Methods Summary Manufacture and Composition of Unmodified Starch Manufacture of Cornstarch Manufacture of Potato Starch Manufacture of Wheat Starch Evaluation of Starch Quality General Properties of Unmodified Starches Literature Cited Manufacture and Properties of Modified Starches The Modification Process Manufacture of Converted Starches Manufacture of Derivatized Starches Cooking Requirements for Modified Starch Properties of Modified Starches Literature Cited New Starch Products for Surface Sizing and Coating in the 21st Century Detlev Glittenberg 7.1. Introduction Status Quo and Challenges in the Nineteen Nineties Novel Developments of Coating Starches Hungry for Even Higher Solids Starches as Coating Pigments Starches as Monomers in Co-Polymerization New Developments in Surface Treatment Using Starches High-Solids Surface Sizing Starches from Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO Starches) Summary and Outlook Literature Cited Novel Uses for Starch and Starch-Based Chemicals in Papermaking and Coating Charles P. Klass 8.1. Strength Enhancement Through Surface Sizing Starch Use in Coating Binders Thermally Modified and Dextrinated Starch Binders Starch/Latex Graft Binders Nanoparticle Biopolymer Latex Binders Dilute Viscosity Measurements for Polymer Classification Carbon Footprint Literature Cited 79

3 v 9. Shipping, Handling, and Storage of Starch Coating Committee, 2001 Edition, 2013 Update by Detlev Glittenberg 9.1. Bulk Shipment of Starch Bulk Starch Unloading and Transfer Systems Bulk-Railcar Unloading Systems Bulk Storage Silos Starch Slurry Makedown Equipment Literature Cited Dispersion of Starch for Use in the Paper Mill Starch Suspension in Water Starch Dispersion in Water Factors in Starch Dispersion and Viscosity Development Dispersion and Properties of Modified Starches Dispersion and Properties of Starches from Corn Hybrids Literature Cited Retrogradation of Dispersed Starch Hans Maurer, 2013 Update by Detlev Glittenberg The Retrogradation Process Measures to Control Retrogradation and Amylose Precipitation Literature Cited Enzyme Conversion of Starch for Paper Sizing and Coating Economic Reasons for Enzymatic Conversion of Starch The Enzymatic Conversion Process Preparation of Starch Paste for Use in Paper Coating Literature Cited Thermal and Thermochemical Conversion of Starch Economic Reasons for High-Temperature Conversion of Starch Continuous Starch Cooking The Thermal Conversion Process Preparation of Starch Paste for Use in Surface Sizing and Paper Coating Literature Cited Surface Sizing of Paper The Role of Starch in Surface Sizing Surface Sizing with a Flooded-nip Size Press Surface Sizing with a Metered Size Press Pigmented Surface Sizing Other Surface-sizing Systems Use of Starch in New Specialty Papers Literature Cited 139

4 vi 15. Roll Coating and Blade Coating of Paper: A Historical Review The Coater in the Paper Machine Hydrodynamics of the Coating Process Coating Drying and Binder Migration Starch Selection for Paper Coating Literature Cited New Equipment for Starch Application for Surface Sizing and Coating in the Paper Industry Stig Renvall Background and Developments in Surface Sizing of Paper and Board Surface-Sizing New Coating-technology Developments in the Paper Industry Literature Cited Manufacture of Coated Paper Grades: A Historical Review General Requirements Coating Materials Design Requirements for Coated Paper Grades Coating Application Methods Finishing Methods Coating Formulations for Paper Coating Formulations for Paperboard Specialty Coatings Testing Methods for Coated Paper Literature Cited Advances in the Manufacture of Coated Paper Grades Detlev Glittenberg Literature Cited Improving Water Resistance of Starch Coatings Gordon Bugg Starch as a Coating Binder: Types and Modification Establishing the Need for Improving Water Resistance Measuring Water Resistance Approach I: Reagents for Starch Insolubilization Approach II: Co-binder Systems and the Impact of Starch Substitution by Latex Approach III: Additives to Improve Water Resistance of the Coated Surface A Note to the Reader Literature Cited Starch in Nanotechnology Applications Anthony V. (Tony) Lyons An Introduction to Nanotechnology 199

5 vii The Role of Starch in Nanotechnology Summary Literature Cited Environmental Aspects of Starch Use in the Paper Industry Hans Maurer, 2013 Updated by Detlev Glittenberg Effluent Control Interference by Starch Starch Removal from Effluent by Ultrafiltration Recycling of Paper Literature Cited Evaluation of Starches and Starch Dispersions Sampling Physical Examination Microscopic Examination Chemical Examination Viscosity Evaluation Analysis of Starch Components and Derivatives Analysis of Starch in Paper Other Relevant TAPPI Test Methods (T) and Technical Information (TIPS) Literature Cited 222 Appendix 225 Index 227

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