AGE DETERMINATION FROM RADIOLOGICAL STUDY OF EPIPHYSIAL APPEARANCE AND FUSION AROUND ELBOW JOINT *Dr. S.S. Bhise, **Dr. S. D.

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1 AGE DETERMINATION FROM RADIOLOGICAL STUDY OF EPIPHYSIAL APPEARANCE AND FUSION AROUND ELBOW JOINT *Dr. S.S. Bhis, **Dr. S. D. Nanandkar * Corrsponding author, Assistant profssor, Fornsic mdicin dpt., Grant mdical collg Mumbai.**Profssor, HOD, Fornsic mdicin dpt., Grant mdical collg Mumbai. Abstract: Th bons of human skltons dvlop from sparat ossification cntrs. From ths cntrs ossification progrsss till th bon is compltly formd. Ths changs can b studid by mans of X-rays. It is thrfor possibl to dtrmin th approimat ag of an individual by radiological amination of bons till ossification is complt. This radiological study was carrid out with th objctiv to assss th gnral skltal maturity around lbow joint, of subjcts in Mumbai rgion. mals and fmals btwn ag group of - yars attnding th outpatint dpartmnt of this hospital ar slctd. Ag confirmd from history and noting th birth dats. Th cass slctd aftr ruling out th nutritional, dvlopmntal, and ndocrinal abnormality which affcts th skltal growth. Data analysis was don in P computr using HPSS softwar. At th nd conclusions wr drawn which ar compard with availabl rsults of various prvious studis Ky words: Ag stimation, lbow joint, Radiological Introduction: Dtrmination of th ag of an individual from th apparanc and th fusion of th ossification cntrs is a wll accptd fact in th fild of mdical and lgal profssions. Epiphysis of bons units during ag priods which ar rmarkably constant for a particular piphysis. Th dtrmination of ag prsnts a task of considrabl importanc from th viw-point of th administration of justic. It is not possibl to nunciat a hard and fast rul for ag dtrmination from this union for th whol India bcaus India is composd of aras which diffr in climatic, dittic and disas factors which affct skltal growth. Dtrmination of th ag of an individual from th apparanc and th fusion of th ossification cntrs is a wll accptd fact in th fild of mdical and lgal profssions. Th prsnt study was carrid out to study rontgnographically th piphysial apparanc and union at lbow joint in subjcts btwn ag group of to yars attnding outpatint dpartmnt of this hospital. Aims and Objctivs: To assss th skltal maturity at lbow joint for a known chronological ag in subjcts of Mumbai rgion. Comparativ study of apparanc & fusion of ossification cntrs at lbow joint with known standards To valuat s rlatd variation & its corrlation with ag. To know variation if any & cption of apparanc & fusion of cntrs of ossification. To valuat th mdico lgal aspcts of diffrnt ags. To suggst any additional radiological invstigation to aid and to rduc rang in dtrmining ag.

2 Matrial and Mthods: Th study was carrid out in Sir J. J. Groups of Hospital and Grant Mdical Collg in Mumbai which is a trtiary rfrral cntr attachd to Govrnmnt Mdical Collg with th objctiv to assss th gnral skltal maturity of lbow joint of subjcts in Mumbai rgion. mals and fmals btwn ag group of - yars attnding th outpatint dpartmnt of this hospital ar slctd. Ag confirmd from history and noting th birth dats. Th cass slctd aftr ruling out th nutritional, dvlopmntal, and ndocrinal abnormality which affcts th skltal growth. X-ray of lbow joint was takn at dpartmnt of radiology. Th piphysis of lbow joint wr obsrvd for apparanc (A) and not appard (NA) and diffrnt phass of fusion wr gradd according to Dr. William Sangma t al and Mckrn and Stwart stags as fallows Stag (F): Non union whn th piphysial cartilag did not bgin to dcras in thicknss Stag (F): Commnc of union whn th thicknss of piphysial cartilag was found to b rducd apprciably (/ th unitd) Stag (F): Incomplt union whn th piphysis has bgun to fus with shaft and complt union was wll undrway (/ unitd) Stag (F): Complt union whn th piphysial cartilag was bony in architctur and its dnsity indistinguishabl from th piphysis and diaphysis in its nighbourhood but an piphysial lin calld piphysial scar could still b distinguishd. (/ unitd) Stag (F): Complt union with absnc of piphysial scar. Skltal maturity was valuatd radiologically studying th various cntrs of ossification around lbow joint and th rsults wr compard with th prvious known standard studis. Only apparanc and last two stag cass wr takn in this papr, rmaining cass wr in arly stags Rsults and obsrvations: Apparanc of Trochla: It is clar from tabl- that in mal subjct in majority of cass in ag group - and - dos not show apparanc of trochla. Th apparanc of trochla is sn in ag group -, - in mal It is clar from tabl- that in fmal subjct in majority of cass in ag group - yr. dos not show apparanc of trochla. Th apparanc trochla is sn in ag group -, -, - in fmals Fusion of trochla: It is clar from tabl- that in mal subjcts in majority of cass in ag group - and - show nar fusion (F), whr as in ag groups- and onwards majority of cass showd fusion (F) It is clar from tabl- that in fmal subjcts in majority of cass in ag group - show nar fusion (F), whr as in ag groups- and onwards majority of cass showd fusion (F) Apparanc of Latral picondyl: It is clar from tabl- that in mal subjct in majority of cass in ag group - and - dos not show apparanc of Latral picondyl. Th apparanc of Latral picondyl is sn in ag group -, - & - in mal It is clar from tabl- that in fmal subjct in majority of cass in ag group - yr. dos not show apparanc of Latral picondyl. Th apparanc Latral picondyl is sn in ag group -, -, - in fmals.

3 Fusion of Latral picondyl: It is clar from tabl- that in mal subjcts in majority of cass in ag group - and - show nar fusion (F), whr as in ag groups- and onwards cass showd complt fusion (F). It is clar from tabl- that in fmal subjcts in majority of cass in ag group - show nar fusion (F), whr as in ag groups- and onwards cass complt showd fusion (F). Apparanc of Mdial picondyl: It is clar from tabl- that in mal subjct in majority of cass in ag group - and - dos not show apparanc of Mdial picondyl. Th apparanc of Mdial picondyl is sn in ag group - & - in mal It is clar from tabl- that in fmal subjct in majority of cass in ag group - yr. dos not show apparanc of Mdial picondyl. Th apparanc Mdial picondyl is sn in ag group - & - in fmals. Fusion of Mdial picondyl: It is clar from tabl- that in mal subjcts in majority of cass in ag group - and - show nar fusion (F), whr as in ag groups- and onwards cass showd complt fusion (F). It is clar from tabl- that in fmal subjcts in majority of cass in ag group - show nar fusion (F), whr as in ag groups- and onwards cass complt showd fusion (F). Apparanc of Had of Radius: It is clar from tabl- that in mal subjct in majority of cass in ag group - dos not show apparanc of Had of Radius. Th apparanc of Had of Radius is sn in ag group - & - in mal It is clar from tabl- that in fmal subjct in majority of cass in ag group - yr. dos not show apparanc of Had of Radius. Th apparanc Had of Radius is sn in ag group - & - in fmals. Fusion of Had of Radius: It is clar from tabl- that in mal subjcts in majority of cass in ag group - show nar fusion (F), whr as in ag groups- and onwards cass showd complt fusion (F). It is clar from tabl- that in fmal subjcts in majority of cass in ag group - show nar fusion (F), whr as in ag groups- and onwards cass complt showd fusion (F). Apparanc of Olcranon: It is clar from tabl- that in mal subjct in majority of cass in ag group - & - dos not show apparanc of Olcranon. Th apparanc of Olcranon is sn in ag group -, - & - in mal It is clar from tabl- that in fmal subjct in majority of cass in ag group - yr. dos not show apparanc of Olcranon. Th apparanc Olcranon is sn in ag group - & - in fmals. Fusion of Olcranon: It is clar from tabl- that in mal subjcts in majority of cass in ag group - show nar fusion (F), whr as in ag groups- and onwards cass showd complt fusion (F). It is clar from tabl- that in fmal subjcts in majority of cass in ag group - show nar fusion (F), whr as in ag groups- and onwards cass complt showd fusion (F). Discussion: Th only documntd study don prviously in Mumbai rgion was by Homi S. Mhta is availabl for standard comparison in Mumbai rgion. Th obsrvation of prsnt study corrlats with th obsrvations of Homi S Mhta for Mdial picondyl, Had of Radius & proimal nd of ulna. At lbow th complt union of piphysis is sn by - yars in mals and - yars in fmals. As compard to Flckr s study in Australians and Davis and Parsons Study in England ossification cntr apparanc and fusion occurs on to two yars arlir in this study.

4 Th prsnt study signifis that all cntrs in fmals matur - yars arlir than in Mals. This obsrvations corrlats with th prvious studis. Comparison of obsrvations of prsnt study has bn mad with othr workrs in tabl- with rfrnc to ag in both ss. Conclusions Apart from considration of cntrs of ossification by Dr. Homi S Mhta for population of Mumbai rgion additional cntrs of ossification hav bn studid in this study which will b hlpful to arriv at corrct diagnosis with closr rang. As compard to Bngali Hindu fmal s ossification cntr fusion occurs on to two yar latr in Mumbai rgion fmals. As compard to Hpworth study in Panjabi rgion skltal maturity is dlayd by months to yar in Mumbai rgion. As this study is don in Mumbai rgion th application of standards can b considrd idal for application in Mumbai rgion. Du to vry narrow bordrlin rang of diffrntiation btwn various stags (i.. Stag to Stag ), it is difficult to considr stag as ag indicator. Rfrncs: ) Homi S Mhta : mdical Law and thics in India st di. March, p - ) R.N. Karmakar, J.B. MUkharjs Essntial of fornsic Mdicin and toicology rd di. p,,,, ) Galstaun G: A study of ossification as obsrvd in Indian subjct. Indian journal of mdical rsarch,,,-,. ) H.Flckr, Rontgnographic obsrvations of th tims of apparanc of piphyss and thir fusion with th diaphyss, J. Anat. (), pp.. ) Krogman WM, Iscan, MY in Th human sklton in Fornsic Mdicin, Charls C.Thomas Publishr, Illinois, USA. II Edition,. ) Hpworth SM dtrmination of ag in Indians from study of ossification of long bons Ind. Md. Gaz.,,, ) Basu SK and Basu S: A contribution to th study of diaphysiopiphysial rltion at lbow of young Bangal girls. Indian journal of Padiatrics,, -,. Tabl -: Apparanc of trochla Ag in s Total Of apparanc Not appard M % %.%.%.%.%.%.% F % % % % appard M.%.% F.%.%.%

5 Vol, Numbr (Jan-Jun ) Journal of Fornsic Mdicin, Scinc and Law Official Publication of Mdicolgal Association of Maharashtra Tabl-: Fusion of trochla in mals Ag in Total F F.%.%.%.%.% %.%.% Ag in of fusion F F Tabl-: Fusion of trochla in fmals Total.%.%.%.%.%.% Ag in Of apparnc Not appard s Tabl -: Apparanc of latral picondyl M.% F.% appard M F.%.%. %.% %.%.% %.%.%.%.% - Total Tabl-: Fusion of Latral picondyl in mals Ag in Total F.% F.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%

6 Vol, Numbr (Jan-Jun ) Journal of Fornsic Mdicin, Scinc and Law Official Publication of Mdicolgal Association of Maharashtra Ag in F F Ag in Tabl-: Fusion of Latral picondyl in fmals Total s Of apparnc Not M appard.% F.% appard M F.%.%.%.%.%.%.% Tabl -: Apparanc of mdial picondyl Total.%.%.% %.%.% %.% Tabl-: Fusion of mdial picondyl in mals Ag in Total F F.%.%.%.% %.%.%.% Tabl-: Fusion of mdial picondyl in fmals Ag in Total F % F %.%.%.%.%.%.%.%

7 Vol, Numbr (Jan-Jun ) Journal of Fornsic Mdicin, Scinc and Law Official Publication of Mdicolgal Association of Maharashtra Ag in s Of apparanc Not M appard.% F appard M F Ag in F F Ag in F F Tabl -: Apparanc of Had of Radius Total.%.%.%.%.%.%.% Tabl-: Fusion of had of radius in mals Total.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.% Tabl-: Fusion of had of radius in fmals Total.%.%.%.%.%.%.% Ag in Of apparanc Not appard s Tabl -: Apparanc of Olcranon M.% F.% appard M F.%.%. %.%.%.%.%.%.% %.% - Total

8 Vol, Numbr (Jan-Jun ) Journal of Fornsic Mdicin, Scinc and Law Official Publication of Mdicolgal Association of Maharashtra Tabl-: Fusion of had of Olcranon in mals Ag in Total F F.%.%.%.%.% Tabl-: Fusion of had of Olcranon in fmals Ag in Total F F.%.% Tabl-: Comparison of ag by diffrnt Authors Author Prsnt study Galstaun study H. S. Mhta Pillai Franklin Cntr of ossification Apparanc (Yr) Fusion (Yr) Apparanc (Yr) Fusion (Yr) Fusion (Yr) fusion (Yr) Fusion (Yr) M F M F M F M F M F M&F M&F Trochla Lat Epicondyl Md / Epicondyl - Had of / / - - Radius - - Olcranon / / - - -

9 Vol, Numbr (Jan-Jun ) Journal of Fornsic Mdicin, Scinc and Law Official Publication of Mdicolgal Association of Maharashtra Diffrnt stags of Had of Radius a) b) c) d) ) F) g) a) Not appard, b) appard, c) Fusion: Stag, d) Fusion: stag ) Fusion: Stag - F) Fusion: stag - g) Fusion: stag