Impact of literacy status on Participation of Tribal Women in Panchayati Raj A case study of Nilgiri ITDA Block of Balasore district in Odisha.

Transcription

1 IOSR Journal Of Humanitis And Social Scinc (IOSR-JHSS) Volum 22, Issu 6, Vr.10 (Jun. 2017) PP ISSN: , p-issn: Impact of litracy status on Participation of Tribal Womn in Panchayati Raj A cas study of Nilgiri ITDA Block of Balasor district in Odisha. Gadadhar Bhra Lcturr in Political ScincBaba panchalingswar Dgr CollgSantaragadia, Dist-Balasor, Odisha is such a powrful paramtr, which is ncssary for any valu judgmnt, any political participation or any dcision making. Odisha occupis a spcial position in th tribal map of India. It is rgardd as homland of th tribals. In this stat th schduld tribs compris of 62 communitis constitut 22.8 pr cnt of th total population of th stat as pr 2011 Cnsus. Ths communitis rsid in almost all th districts of th stat. Thir concntration is vry high abov 50% in thr individual district namly Koraput, Sundargarh and Mayurbhanj and som rgions of six othr districts such as Phulbani, Kalahandi, Ganjam, Knojhar, Balasor and Sambalpur. In trms of tribal concntration, Odisha ranks third position nxt to Madhya Pradsh and Maharastra. Th gnral tribal population of Odisha is in poorr situation as compard to th gnral population. Th tribal communitis of Odisha ar still far bhind in almost all th standard paramtrs of dvlopmnt. Thy ar not abl to participat in th procss of dvlopmnt, as thy ar not awar of th most programms, policis mad for thir up-liftmnt. This is mainly du to th high incidnc of illitracy and vry low lvl of ducation among th tribal popl. Dspit th sincr and concntratd ffort by th govrnmnt for th ovrall dvlopmnt of schduld trib, thy ar still far bhind in almost all th standard paramtrs of dvlopmnt. Thy ar not abl to participat in th procss of dvlopmnt, as thy ar not awar of th most programms and policis mad for thir up-liftmnt. This is mainly du to th high incidnc of illitracy and vry low lvl of ducation (6.1%) among th tribal popl. Hnc th ducational status of th schduld tribs nds to b assssd. Th rational for rcognizing litracy as a right is th st of bnfits it confrs on individuals, familis, communitis and nations. Indd, it is widly rckond that, in modrn socitis, litracy skills ar fundamntal to informd dcision-making, prsonal mpowrmnt, activ and passiv participation in local and global social community. Th human bnfits from litratur ar rlatd to factors such as th improvd slf-stm, mpowrmnt, crativity and critical rflction that participation in adult litracy programms and th practic of litracy may produc. Human bnfits ar intrinsically valuabl and may also b instrumntal in ralizing othr bnfits of litracy: improvd halth, incrasd political participation and so on. Litracy may mpowr larnrs spcially womn to tak individual and collctiv action in various contxts, such as houshold, workplac and community, in two rlatd ways. First, litracy programms thmslvs may b dsignd and conductd so as to mak participants into authors of thir own larning, dvloprs of thir own knowldg and partnrs in dialogu about limit situations in thir livs. Th rlationship btwn ducation and political participation is wll stablishd. Educatd popl ar to som xtnt mor likly to vot and voic mor tolrant attituds and dmocratic valus Participation in adult litracy programms is also corrlatd with incrasd participation in trad unions, community action and national political lif, spcially whn mpowrmnt is at th cor of programm dsign. Thr is considrabl divrgnc, diffrntiation among various tribal groups in trms of rits, rituals and functions. Sinc indpndnc, thr has bn growing ralization that dvlopmnt would nvr bcom slf-sustaining unlss it is accompanid by corrsponding changs in th attituds, valus, knowldg and skills of th popl in gnral and schduld tribs in particular. Th only way of accomplishing this chang is through ducation. In this background, th analysis of ducation of tribals assums grat significanc. Hnc this is an attmpt to study th impact of ducation on tribal womn on thir participation in PRI systm. Sampling Dsign: Th study is basd on th fild lvl data collctd from a sampl, slctd from schduld trib housholds of Nilgiri ITDA Block in Balasor district of Odisha. A multistag sampling tchniqu has bn usd to slct housholds for th purpos of qustionnair. DOI: / Pag

2 Slction of Block: Nilgiri Block of Balasor district, Odisha is purposfully slctd as th ara of th prsnt study, as it has th largst concntration of tribal population as wll as th Block has bn dclard as th most backward and undrdvlopd block in th country ( namd as Gandhi Block) and spcial programms ar bing undrtakn to improv its socio-conomic status. Slction of Gram Panchayats: Slction of Gram Panchayats bcom th scond stag sampling. Thr ar twnty thr gram Panchayats oprating in th block. Accordingly, thr gram Panchayat ar slctd for th study purpos. As such th Gram Panchayats ar namly Bhaunriabad, Matiali, and Mahisapata ar slctd at random. Slction of Villag and Housholds: Aftr slction of gram Panchayats, thr villags ar slctd at random, whr thr dominant tribal communitis ar living. Th total numbr of schduld trib housholds in th slctd villags ar thn listd and classifid according to community. From among th diffrnt tribal communitis, thr dominant communitis ar chosn for th purpos of study. Accordingly, th Kolhas, th Bathudis and th Bhumijas bing thr dominant community ar slctd and from th total sampl housholds hav bn survyd. Thus, a total of 112 housholds from Kolha Community, 9 housholds from Bathudi community and 85 housholds from Bhumija community ( a total of 290 tribal housholds) ar slctd for th purpos of study. Collction of Data: Th data rlvant for th study hav bn collctd both at th primary and scondary lvl. A houshold schdul spcially dsignd for th purpos is usd for collcting data at th fild lvl. Through houshold schdul, rquird information of th sampl housholds ar obtaind. Dirct prsonal intrviw mthod has bn followd to licit information ndd for th study. Bsids, data ar also collctd from various scondary sourcs lik Cnsus 2001, 2011, official rcords of ITDA Projct offic, Nilgiri, ICDS Nilgiri, BDO, Nilgiri Odisha, Planning and Coordination Dpartmnt, SC.ST Dvlopmnt Dpartmnt, Govt. of Odisha, Dirctor of Economics and Statistics, Govrnmnt of Odisha, SC,ST Rsarch and Training Institut, Odisha, Bhubanswar, National Council of Applid Economic Rsarch, Nw Dlhi, National Institut of Public Financ and Policy, Nw Dlhi, I.C.S.S.R, Kolkata and Nw Dlhi and National Library, Kolkata tc, NIRD, Hydrabad, Bangalor Univrsity, Bangalor, Univrsity Library, Pun, Punjab Univrsity Library, IIPS, Mumbai, IGDR, Mumbai., Gujrat Tribal Rsarch and Training Institut Ahmdabad, Mohanlal Sukhadia Univrsity Udaipur, M.L.Patl Tribal Rsarch Institut, jaipur. I. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Rsults of th prsnt study obtaind from th analysis of fild data ar prsntd in this chaptr. Th total discussion concntratd on th litracy rat, nrolmnt in ducation, discontinuanc rat, rasons for discontinuanc and at last a brif comparison of th situation of th sampl tribal housholds btwn 1999, 2008 and with th prsnt litracy situation during Sction I. Status of Participation in Panchayati Raj of Kolha Housholds. Numbr of Housholds: Tabl-4.1 Prsnts th distribution of sampl schduld trib housholds blonging to thr diffrnt tribal communitis Kolha, Bhumija and Bathudis. Out of 290 sampl housholds takn undr study, 112 housholds blong to th Kolha community, 85 housholds blong to th Bhumija community and 9 housholds blong to Bathudi community. In trms of prcntag,th Kolha community coms to 8.62 followd by Bhumijas 29.1 and th Bathudis 2.07 prcnt. Tabl 4.1:Distribution of Sampl Tribal housholds among Thr Tribal Communitis Sl Catgory of housholds Siz of sampl Prcntag 1 Kolha Bhumija Bathudi Poold Litracy status of th Kolha Sampl housholds: Litracy status indicats th prospct of human capital formation, growth of incom, wll bing, progrss, consciousnss about political participation in Panchayati Raj, awarnss of halth,, as wll as cration DOI: / Pag

3 of idal futur gnration of th community. On this considration, in th prsnt study, th data rgarding lvl of ducation of th sampl Kolha housholds ar prsntd in Tabl. Taking th Kolha sampl housholds into account, th prcntag of litrat coms to and that of illitrat It is found that th mattr gndr wis litracy rat xplains th intgratd consciousnss and forsight of th community. In rspct of gndr wis litracy rat, th mal litracy is much highr, i as compard to th fmals prcnt Tabl Litracy status of th Kolha Sampl Tribal Housholds Sl Catgory of litracy Population Mal Fmal Total 1 Illitrat 64 (26.12) 124 (47.) 198 (7.08) 2 Litrat ( Effctiv litracy) 181 (7.88) 18 (52.67) 19 (62.92) Numbr of litrats in Primary 84 (4.29) 91 (4.7) 175 (4.52) 4 Numbr of litrats in M.E. 26 (10.61) 18 (6.87) 44 (8.68) 5 Numbr of litrats not compltd scondary ducation 61 (24.89) 20 (7.6) 81 (15.98) 6 Litrats compltd scondary (.44) 7 Litrats not compltd (2.86) - 16 (.16) 8 Litrats compltd Litrats blow 01 (0.41) - 01 (0.19) 10 Litrat Compltd dgr Litrats compltd P.G Litrats compltd profssional 02 (0.82) - 02 (0.9) 1 Total Figurs in th brackts indicat prcntag. In rspct of fmal illitracy, it is 47. prcnt as compard to th mal illitracy, i prcnt. Inconsidration of t lvl of ducation of th Kolha Sampl housholds, it is rvald that th majority of litrats in th Kolha housholds hav primary ducation (4.52 prcnt) followd by prcnt continus up to blow scondary lvl, 8.68 prcnt hav M.E, and vry ngligibl population of sampl houshold, i.,.16 prcnt hav highr scondary ducation and only 0.9 prcnt hav a profssional qualification rlating to Diploma Cours with Scondary and Intrmdiat and only 0.19 prcnt hav dgr ducational qualification. In rspct of mal litracy, out of 7.88 prcnt of mal litracy, th highr prcntag of mal litrat hav primary ducation (4.29) followd by prcnt hav blow scondary ducation, prcnt having M.E., 2.86 prcnt blow +2 ducation and only 0.82 prcnt hav profssional ducation and only 0.41 blongs to dgr ducation. Th data rvals that th fmal litracy is vry lss in th Kolha sampl housholds, i prcnt. Out of th total fmal litrats, 4.7 prcnt fmals hav primary ducation followd by 7.6 prcnt hav ducation blow scondary, 6.87 hav M.E,.44 prcnt hav not compltd + and no fmal mmbrs sn having qualification abov scondary in th Kolha sampl housholds. In short, ffctiv litracy of Kolha sampl hous holds stands at prcnt out of which mal litracy is 7.88 prcnt and fmal litracy is prcnt. Th maximum litrat blongs to primary ducation. But th surprising fact is that th maximum litrats having scondary ducation ar blow scondary and succss rat is vry much ngligibl. Vry ngligibl portion hav ducation abov scondary. Th fmal litracy is vry much discouraging. Maximum fmals hav litracy up to primary and ngligibl continud up to and lowst hav continud up to scondary. Th lvl of fmal ducation abov scondary is out of plac to mntion hr. Enrollmnt in ducation dpicts th participation in ducation or flow or spd of ducation in th socity. Th data rgarding nrollmnt in Kolha sampl houshold is prsntd in Tabl -4.4 In this analysis, nrollmnt ratio has bn calculatd out of th total population agd fiv yars and abov and thir participation in th ducation which can prsnt th nrollmnt of all ags and total population of th sampl housholds which is diffrnt from th calculation of othrs. DOI: / Pag

4 Th nrollmnt of Kolha sampl housholds clarly rvals that out of total population agd fiv yars and abov, only prcnt nrolld in ducation and 7.08 prcnt no nrolld at all for schooling. Th nrollmnt ratio is highr in cas of mal, i., 7.88 prcnt whr as th fmal nrollmnt ratio is much lowr, i prcnt. Th mal non-nrollmnt ratio is prcnt whr as it is much highr for th fmal of Kolha community, i prcnt. Th nrollmnt ratio is highr in primary ducation (4.52 prcnt) followd by scondary ducation (15.98 prcnt), M.E prcnt,.16 in highr scondary, 0.9 in profssional cours and 0.20 prcnt in dgr lvl. In rspct of mal, th nrollmnt ratio is primary is highr (4.29 prcnt) followd by prcnt in scondary, in M.E., 2.86 prcnt in highr scondary, 0.82 prcnt in profssional ducation and 0.41 prcnt in dgr ducation. In rspct of fmal nrollmnt ratio, th highst nrollmnt of fmal is in primary ducation (4.7 prcnt) followd by 7.6 prcnt in scondary ducation, 6.87 prcnt in M.E. ducation and.44 up to highr scondary ducation. fmal is sn having nrollmnt aftr highr scondary ducation. In short, th nrollmnt ratio is highr in th cas of mal, whr as it is lowr in cas of fmal. Th non-nrollmnt ratio is much highr in fmal community in comparison to th mal population. Th highr nrollmnt is sn in primary ducation for both mal and fmal and vry lss in scondary and M.E. ducation and nrollmnt is vry much ngligibl aftr scondary ducation. on is found has bn nrolld in P.G class of th Kolha community. Sction-II: Litracy status of Bhumija Sampl housholds. Aftr having discussd th dtails of litracy aspct of Kolha sampl housholds, now th discussion will concntrat on th all litracy aspcts and dimnsions of Bhumija sampl housholds. During th collction of data 85 Bhumija sampl housholds hav bn collctd constituting 29.1 prcnt of total sampl survyd. Th discussion will volv from th composition of th family, litracy status, continuanc and discontinuanc of ducation by th mmbrs of sampl housholds and its diffrnt dirctions and th data in this aspct will b prsntd in form of Tabl 4.9 to Composition of th family: Composition of th family is on most important indicator for h assssmnt of litracy status of th community. In this light th data has bn obtaind from diffrnt sampl familis of Bhumija housholds ar prsntd in tabl 4. Tabl-4..Dmographic profil of Bhumija Sampl housholds Sl Catgory of population Total population Mal Fmal Total 1 Total Adult population 116 (1.7) (1.44) 122 (1.4) (.06) 28 (2.80) (64.50) 2 Total Childrn abov fiv yars 54 (0.64) (14.6) Total population of adult and childrn abov fiv yars 170 (2.01) 46.07) 4 Total childrn blow fiv yars 10 (0.11) (2.71) 5 Total population 180 (2.12) (48.78) 58 (0.68) (15.72) 180 (2.11) (48.78) 9 (0.11) (2.44) 189 (2.22) (51.22) figurs in th first brackt indicats avrags. * figurs in th scond brackt indicats prcntags (1.2) (0.5) 50 (4.12) (94.85) 19 (0.22) (5.15) 69 (14.4) Obsrvation rvals that th total population of Bhumija sampl housholds is 69 within which total mal population 180 and fmal population constitut 189 Th total adult fmal is 122 out numbrs th adult mals 116. Similarly in rspct of total childrn abov fiv yars, fmal mmbrs is 58 which is mor than th mal mmbrs -54- and total childrn abov 5 yars works out to 112. So th total population of adult mmbrs and th childrn abov fiv yars, th total coms to 50 Out of -50 total mmbrs 180 is total fmal mmbrs is gratr than th mal mmbrs, i But th data rvals that th total childrn blow fiv yars is 19, out of which th mal Childrn (10 is mor as compard to th fmal childrn (9). In trms of avrag, th avrag family siz of th Bhumija community works out to 4.4 as compard to th fmal (2.22) and mals (2.12). Th avrag adult mmbr is 2.80 followd by childrn abov fiv yars DOI: / Pag

5 1.2 and childrn lss than fiv yars is 0.22 In rspct of mals, th avrag mal mmbr is 2.12, out of which 1.7 blongs to adult mal followd by 0.64, mal childrn abov fiv yars and 0.11 mal childrn lss than fiv yars. Similarly, in rspct of avrag siz of fmal mmbrs of th Bhumija community, it is workd out to 2.22, followd by adult fmal 1.4, fmal childrn abov fiv yars 0.68 and fmal childrn lss than fiv yars is 0.11 Litracy status of th Bhumija Sampl housholds: Litracy status indicats th prospct of human capital formation, growth of incom, wll bing, progrss, consciousnss about halth, as wll as cration of idal futur gnration of th community. On this considration, in th prsnt study, th data rgarding lvl of ducation of th sampl Bhumija housholds ar prsntd in Tabl-4.10 Taking Bhumija sampl housholds into account, th prcntag of litrat coms to 52.0 and that of illitrat In rspct of gndr wis litracy rat, th mal litracy is much highr, i as compard to th fmals Tabl -4.4 Litracy status of th Bhumija Sampl Tribal Housholds Sl Catgory of litracy Population Mal Fmal Total 1 Illitrat 64 (7.65) 104 (57.78) 168 (48.0) 2 Litrat ( Effctiv litracy) ) 76 (42.22) 182 (52.0) Numbr of litrats in Primary 45 (26.47) 4 (2.88) 88 (25.14) 4 Numbr of litrats in M.E. 16 (9.41) 10 (5.56) 26 (7.4) 5 Numbr of litrats not compltd scondary ducation 1 (18.24) 19 (10.56) 50 (14.28) 6 Litrats compltd scondary Litrats not compltd +2 6 (.5) (1.66) 9 (2.57) 8 Litrats compltd +2 2 (1.18) 1 (0.56) (0.86) 9 Litrats blow (1.76) - (0.86) 10 Litrat Compltd dgr (1.76) - (0.86) 11 Litrats compltd P.G Litrats compltd profssional Total Figurs in th brackts indicat prcntag. In rspct of fmal illitracy, it is prcnt as compard to th mal illitracy, i prcnt. Inconsidration of th lvl of ducation of th Bhumija Sampl housholds, it is rvald that th majority of litrats in th Bhumija housholds hav primary ducation (25.14 prcnt) followd by prcnt continus up to blow scondary lvl, 7.4 prcnt hav M.E, and vry ngligibl population of sampl houshold, i., 2.57 prcnt hav not compltd highr scondary ducation and only 0.86 compltd highr scondary ducation, 0.86 prcnt ach hav not compltd dgr ducation and 0.86 prcnt compltd dgr ducation. In rspct of mal litracy, out of 62.5 prcnt of mal litracy, th highr prcntag of mal litrat hav primary ducation (26.47) followd by prcnt hav blow scondary ducation, 9.41 prcnt having M.E. ducation,.5prcnt blow +2 ducation and only 1.18 prcnt hav compltd + ducation and only 1.76 prcnt hav not compltd dgr ducation and anothr 1.76 prcnt compltd dgr ducation. Th data rvals that th fmal litracy is vry lss in th Bhumija sampl housholds, i prcnt. Out of th total fmal litrats, 2.88 prcnt fmals hav primary ducation followd by prcnt hav ducation blow scondary, 5.56 hav M.E 1.66 prcnt hav not compltd +2 and prcnt fmal mmbrs sn having qualification of highr scondary ducation in th Bhumija sampl housholds. In short, th litracy status rflcts that th mal litracy is much highr than fmal litracy in th Bhumija sampl housholds,. So, th illitracy rat is much highr among th fmals of sampl housholds than th mal. Out of total litrats maximum prcntag of sampl tribal housholds hav primary ducation DOI: / Pag

6 followd by th proportion not compltd scondary ducation. So also, th litrats having M.E. ducation is bttr than litrats not compltd +2 ducation. Th litrats having dgr ducation and th litrats not compltd dgr ducation ar vry much ngligibl. In rspct of litrats having PG and profssional dgr dos not aris both in th cas of mals and fmals of Bhumija sampl housholds. Sction-III: Litracy status of Bathudi Sampl housholds. In th prsnt sction, th dtail information rgarding dmographic profil, litracy status, nrollmnt ratio, rasons for discontinuanc in diffrnt lvls of ducation, discontinuanc and continuanc of th Bathudi sampl housholds will b discussd in this sction. Composition of th family: Composition of th family is on most important indicator for th assssmnt of litracy status of th community. In this light th data has bn obtaind from diffrnt sampl familis of Bathudi housholds ar prsntd in tabl 4.5 Tabl -4.5.Dmographic profil of Bathudi Sampl housholds Sl Catgory of population Total population Mal Fmal Total 1 Total Adult population 150 (1.61) (4.40) 2 Total Childrn abov fiv yars 6 (0.68) (14.45) Total population of adult and childrn abov fiv yars 21 (2.29) (48.85) 4 Total childrn blow fiv yars 19 (0.20) (4.6) 5 Total population 22 (2.49) (5.21) 19 (1.49) (1.88) 5 (0.57) (12.16) 192 (2.06) (44.04) 12 (0.1) (2.75) 204 (2.19) (46.79) figurs in th first brackt indicats avrags. figurs in th scond brackt indicats prcntags 289 (.10) (66.28) 116 (1.25) (26.61) 405 (4.5) (92.89) 1 (0.) (7.11) 46 (4.68) Obsrvation rvals that th total population of Bathudi sampl housholds is 46 within which total mal population 22 and fmal population constitut 204. Th total adult mal is 150 out numbrs th adult fmals 19. Similarly in rspct of total childrn abov fiv yars, mal mmbrs is 6 which is mor than th fmal mmbrs 5 and total childrn abov 5 yars works out to 116. So th total population of adult mmbrs and th childrn abov fiv yars, th total coms to 405 Out of 405 total mmbrs 21 is total mal mmbrs is gratr than th fmal mmbrs, i But th data rvals that th total childrn blow fiv yars is 1 out of which th mal childrn population 19 is mor as compard to th fmal childrn 12.. In trms of avrag, th avrag family siz of th Bathudi community works out to 4.68 as compard to th mal (2.49) and fmals (2.19). Th avrag adult mmbr is.10 followd by childrn abov fiv yars 1.25 and childrn lss than fiv yars is 0. In rspct of mals, th avrag mal mmbr is 2.49, out of which 1.61 blongs to adult mal followd by 0.68 mal childrn abov fiv yars and 0.20 mal childrn lss than fiv yars. Similarly, in rspct of avrag siz of fmal mmbrs of th Bathudi community, it is workd out to 2.19, followd by adult fmal 1.49, fmal childrn abov fiv yars 0.57 and fmal childrn lss than fiv yars is 0.1 Litracy status of th Bathudi Sampl housholds: Litracy status indicats th prospct of human capital formation, growth of incom, wll bing, progrss, consciousnss about halth, as wll as cration of idal futur gnration of th community. On this considration, in th prsnt study, th data rgarding lvl of ducation of th sampl Bathudi housholds ar prsntd in Tabl-4.6 Taking Bathudi sampl housholds into account, th prcntag of litrat coms to 7.58 prcnt and that of illitrat In rspct of gndr wis litracy rat, th mal litracy is highr, i as compard to th fmals prcnt Tabl 4.6 Litracy status of th Bathudi Sampl Tribal Housholds DOI: / Pag

7 Sl Impact of litracy status on Participation of Tribal Womn in Panchayati Raj A cas study of Catgory of litracy Population Mal Fmal Total 1 Illitrat 47 (22.07) 60 (1.25) 107 (26.42) 2 Litrat ( Effctiv litracy) 166 (77.9) 12 (68.75) 298 (7.58) Numbr of litrats in Primary 90 (42.25) 66 (4.8) 156 (8.52) 4 Numbr of litrats in M.E. 15 (7.04) 11 (5.72) 26 (6.42) 5 Numbr of litrats not compltd scondary ducation 46 (21.60) 44 (22.92) 90 (22.22) 6 Litrats compltd scondary Litrats not compltd (4.69) 6 (.1) 16 (.95) 8 Litrats compltd Litrats blow dgr 5 (2.5) 5 (2.60) 10 (2.47) 10 Litrat Compltd dgr Litrats compltd P.G Litrats compltd profssional Total Figurs in th brackts indicat prcntag. In rspct of fmal illitracy, it is 1.25 prcnt as compard to th mal illitracy, i prcnt. Inconsidration of th lvl of ducation of th Bathudi Sampl housholds, it is rvald that th majority of litrats in th Bathudi housholds hav primary ducation (8.52 prcnt) followd by prcnt continus up to blow scondary lvl, 6.42 prcnt hav M.E, and vry ngligibl population of sampl houshold, i.,.95 prcnt hav not compltd highr scondary ducation and only 2.47 hav not compltd dgr ducation. In rspct of mal litracy, out of 77.9 prcnt of mal litracy, th highr prcntag of mal litrat hav primary ducation (42.25) prcnt followd by prcnt hav not compltd scondary ducation., 7.04 prcnt having M.E., 4.69 prcnt blow +2 ducation and only 2.5 prcnt hav not compltd + ducation. Th data rvals that th fmal litracy in th Bathudi sampl housholds, i prcnt. Out of th total fmal litrats, 4.8 prcnt fmals hav primary ducation followd by prcnt hav not compltd scondary ducation, 5.72 hav M.E.1 prcnt hav not compltd +2 and 2.60 prcnt fmal mmbrs ar sn having not compltd dgr ducation. In short, ffctiv litracy of Bathudi sampl housholds stands at 7.58 prcnt, out of which mal litracy is 77.9 prcnt and fmal litracy is prcnt. Th maximum litrats blongs to primary ducation. But th surprising fact is that, th maximum litrats having scondary ducation hav not compltd scondary ducation and th succss rat is vry much ngligibl. Vry ngligibl portion hav ducation abov scondary. Maximum fmals hav litracy up to primary and lowr amount hav continud up to scondary. Th lvl of fmal ducation abov scondary is vry much ngligibl. Comparativ analysis of ducational status of sampl housholds during 2015: Th comparativ analysis of ducational status of all sampl housholds of Kolha, Bathudi and Bhumija hav bn prsntd in Tabl 4.7 Tabl 4. 7 Lvl of among th Sampl Tribal housholds agd fiv yars and abov during 2015 ( In prcntag) S Catgo Kolha Bathudi Bhumija Poold l N o ry of litracy Ma l Fm al Tot al Ma l Fm al Tot al Ma l Fm al Tot al Mal F mal Tot al 1 Illitrat Litrat DOI: / Pag

8 Litrat having Primar y Educati on 4 Litrat having M.E Educati on 5 Litrat having scond ary ducati on 6 Litrat s having ducati on abov scond ary Total Th data rvals that, in rspct of illitracy, th Bathudi housholds hav lowst illitracy rat, i., prcnt followd by 9.08 prcnt in Kolha and th highst illitracy (48.0 prcnt)is found in cas of Bhumijas. Th poold data of all sampl housholds shows that th illitracy stands at 6.69 prcnt. In rspct of litracy in th sampl housholds, th highst litracy rat is found among Bathudis, i prcnt, followd by Kolha prcnt and th Bhumijas 52.0 prcnt. Th poold data of all sampl housholds shows that th litracy is 6.1 prcnt. Th mal litracy is highst is in Bathudis ( 77.9 prcnt) followd by Kolha (7.58 prcnt) and th Bhumijas (62.5 prcnt) and th poold data stands at 72.1 prcnt. Similarly, th fmal illitracy is highst in Bhumija housholds ( prcnt), followd by Kolhas (47. prcnt) and th Bathudis (1.25 prcnt). Th fmal litracy is highst in Bathudi sampl housholds, i prcnt followd by Kolhas (52.67 prcnt) and for th Bhumijas, it is prcnt and th poold data stands at prcnt. Th data rvals that th highst rat of litrats in sampl tribal housholds blong to primary ducation and among th housholds, th Bathudis hav highst primary litrats (8.52 prcnt), followd by Kolha (4.52 prcnt) and th Bhumijas (25.14 prcnt). Th poold data in this rspct is.20 prcnt. In rspct of mals, th highst litrats having primary ducation blongs to Bathudi mals, i prcnt followd by 4.29 prcnt of Kolhas and prcnt of th Bhumijas and th poold data is 4.87 prcnt. In rspct of fmals, having primary ducation, th highst blongs to Kolha community, i prcnt followd by Bathudis 4.8 prcnt and 2.88 prcnt in th cas of Bhumijas and th poold data is 1.55 prcnt. Th comparativ analysis in rspct of ME ducation among th sampl housholds shows that th Kolhas hav highr ME ducation (8.68 prcnt) followd by Bhumijas (7.4 prcnt) and th Bathudis (6.42 prcnt) and th poold data is 7.61 prcnt. In rspct of mals, th Kolhas hav mal with highr ME ducation, i prcnt followd by 9.41 prcnt blongs to Bhumijas and 7.04 prcnt of Bathudis and th poold data in this rspct is 9.08 prcnt. In rspct of fmals th corrsponding rat stands at 6.87 prcnt for Kolhas, 5.72 prcnt for Bathudis and 5.56 prcnt for th Bhumijas. Th poold data for fmals is 6.15 prcnt. DOI: / Pag

9 Th data shows that th Bathudis hav highr litrats (22.22 prcnt) blong to scondary ducation followd by Kolhas (15.98 prcnt), Bhumijas (14.28 prcnt) and th poold data is prcnt. In rspct of mals having scondary ducation, highr proportion blongs to Kolhas (24.89 prcnt) followd by Bathudis (21.60 prcnt) and th Bhumijas (18.24 prcnt) and th poold data stands at prcnt. In rspct of fmals blonging to sam ducation group, Bathudi fmals hav maximum litracy of scondary, i prcnt followd by th Bhumijas (10.56 prcnt) and th lowst bing th Kolhas (7.6 prcnt). Th poold data in this rspct is 1.09 prcnt. Th information rgarding th litracy position of sampl housholds in rspct of litrats having ducation abov scondary lvl, it is rvald that th Bathudis hav highr proportion (6.42 prcnt) having litracy abov scondary lvl, followd by th Bhumijas (5.15 prcnt) and th Kolhas (.74 prcnt) and th poold data is 4.99 prcnt. Th corrsponding figurs for mal is 8.2 prcnt for Bhumijas, 7.04 prcnt for Bathudis, 4.09 prcnt for Kolhas and th poold data is 6.21 prcnt. In rspct of fmals having litracy abov scondary lvl, it is obsrvd that, th highst Bathudi fmals, i prcnt hav litracy abov scondary lvl followd by.44 prcnt of Kolhas, 2.22 prcnt of Bhumijas and th poold data stands at.78 prcnt. In short, th Bathudi housholds hav highr litracy rat than Kolhas and Bhumijas.In rspct of illitracy, th Bhumijas hav highst illitracy rat as compard with th Kolhas and Bathudis. In all sampl housholds mal litracy is highr than fmal litracy rat. Maximum litrats blong to primary ducation followd by scondary ducation. Th proportion of litrats ar vry low in ME ducation and abov scondary ducation. II. SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS. Th study has xamind th natur and dimnsion s of litracy, discontinuanc in ducation and th comparativ study of th prsnt analysis of 2015 with th data collctd during 1999 and 2008 from th sam sampl villag and from Kolha, Bathudi and Bhumija sampl housholds of Nilgiri ITDA Block in Balasor district of Odisha. An analysis of th litrary status of th sampl tribal housholds in th study ara rvals that th litracy prcntag of all sampl tribal housholds takn togthr stands at 6.1 prcnt which is at par with th stat avrag for tribals 6.08 prcnt but it is lowr than th district avrag for gnral population prcnt and prcnt of stat avrag and lowr than national avrag for tribals (64.8 prcnt) and avrag litrats of India (74.04 prcnt) as pr 2011 cnsus. As such th hypothsis -1 stats that th sampl housholds lg bhind in litracy rat of th stat and country is found provd from th findings of th study. Similarly, in rgard to mal litracy th data rvals that 72.1 prcnt of sampl population ar litrat which is lowr than stat avrag (75.5 prcnt) and national avrag (75. prcnt) for tribals. Th tribal s litracy rat of sampl housholds is lowr than th district avrag litracy rat (87.0) prcnt, stat avrag litracy rat prcnt and National avrag prcnt as pr 2011 cnsus. In rspct of fmal litracy of sampl housholds, th poold data of all sampl housholds workd out to prcnt which is abov th avrag fmal litracy (50.51 prcnt) for th tribals of th stat and National fmal avrag litracy for tribals 5.7 prcnt) Th litracy of fmal tribal housholds is lowr than th avrag fmal litracy of th district (72.28 prcnt), stat avrag for fmals (64.01 prcnt) and National avrag litracy for fmals (65.46 prcnt) as pr 2011 cnsus. Th analysis rgarding th sampl housholds of Kolha, Bathudi and Bhumija, rflcts that th litracy rat is highst in Bathudi community (7.58 prcnt) followd by Kolha (62.92 prcnt) and th lowst litracy rat is found in Bhumija community (52.0) prcnt. Th hypothsis that th litracy rat among th Bathudis ar highr as compard to th Kolhas and Bhumijas in th sampl housholds is found provd from th findings of th study. In rspct of mal litracy in th sampl housholds 77.9 prcnt of Bathudi mals ar litrat as compard to th Kolha 7.88 prcnt and 62.5 prcnt of mal of Bhumija community ar litrat. Rgarding th fmal litracy among th tribal housholds, it is vidnt that th fmal litracy is highr among th Bathudi fmals (68.75 prcnt) followd by Kolha fmals (62.92 prcnt) and th lowst is found among th Bhumija fmals (42.22 prcnt).but th litracy rat of mal in th sampl housholds (72.1 prcnt) is highr than fmal litracy rat of th sampl housholds(54.57 prcnt)and this is irrspctiv of th communitis. Th hypothsis as such, th litracy rat among th mal is highr than th fmals in th sampl tribal houss is found provd from th findings of th strudy. With rgards to illitracy among th sam tribal housholds, taking all th thr communitis togthr, it is found that 6,69 prcnt ar illitrat out of which th highr prcntag of fmals ar illitrat (45.4 prcnt) as compard to th mals (27.87 prcnt). Among th sampl housholds, th highst illitracy is found among th Bhumijas (48.0prcnt) in comparison with Kolhas (9.08 prcnt) and th Bathudis (26.42 prcnt). In th mattr of illitracy of mals, 7.65 illitrat mals blong to Bhumija community followd by Kolha (26.12 prcnt) and th Bathudis (22.97 prcnt). Th fmal illitracy among th sampl housholds DOI: / Pag

10 rflct that th highst fmal illitracy is sn among th Bhumija fmals (57.78 prcnt) as compard to th fmals of Kolha community (47. prcnt) and th Bathudi Community (1.25 prcnt) III. CONCLUSSION: Th masur findings of th study ar : 1. All th thr sampl tribal housholds Kolha, Bathudi and Bhumijas takn togthr shows that th avrag litracy rat is at par with th stat avrag for tribals but lowr than th national avrag for tribals. Th litracy of sampl tribal housholds lowr than th avrag litracy rat of all population of district, stat and national avrag as pr 2011 cnsus. 2. Similarly, in rspct of mal litracy, th data rvals that th avrag mal litracy of sampl population ar lowr than th stat avrag and th national avrag for tribals. Th tribal mal litracy rat of sampl housholds is lowr than th district avrag litracy, stat avrag litracy rat and national avrag for all popl as pr 2011 cnsus.. In rspct of fmal litracy, th fmal mmbrs of th housholds, th avrag fmal litracy is highr than th avrag fmal litracy of th stat and nation but th avrag fmal litracy of th tribal sampl housholds is lowr than th avrag fmal litracy of th district, stat and for nation as pr 2011 cnsus. 4. Th Kolha, Bathudi and Bhumija sampl housholds rflct that th litracy rat is highst in Bathudi housholds followd by Kolha and th lowst is in Bhumija housholds. 5. In rspct of mal litracy in sampl housholds, th Bathudi mals ar mor litrats as compard to th mal of Kolha and th mal of Bhumija. 6. Rgarding th fmal litracy among th tribal sampl housholds, it is vidnt that th fmal litracy is highr among th Bathudi fmals in comparison to Kolha fmals and th lowst is found among th Bhumija fmals. 7. Th analysis of litracy in diffrnt lvls of ducation, th maximum litrats blong to primary ducation followd by scondary ducation. But th concntration of litrats in ME ducation and th litrats having ducation abov scondary ar of minor importanc. 8. In th mattr of discontinuanc in primary lvl and scondary lvl, th rasons ar many out of which th povrty is th main rason which pushs th mal child to b ngagd as child labour, collction of minor forst produc, to tak car of animals and goats on th wag basis, whras th fmal childrn ar ngagd as child labour and in collction of minor forst produc, to tak car of childrn at hom whn parnts go for work and to hlp parnts in domstic work. Th rasons for discontinuanc in scondary ducation ar mostly du to failur in HSC xamination and th othr caus is th arly marriag for fmals. Th discontinuanc in highr scondary class and dgr class is mostly du to failur in highr scondary and univrsity xamination, th othr causs ar ngagmnt in govrnmnt and privat sctor mploymnt and arly marriag. Th discontinuanc in ME ducation is similar with th rasons for discontinuanc for primary ducation. 9. Th comparativ analysis of diffrnt priods in th sampl housholds of Kolha, Bathudi and Bhumijas during 1999, 2008 and 2015, shows that thr is rmarkabl growth of litracy rat among th sampl tribal housholds during th priod 2008 to 2015 and thr is slow growth of litracy during th priod 1999 to Likwis, th similar trnd is sn in th rduction of illitracy in th sampl housholds during th abov said priod. 10. Among th sampl housholds, th growth of litracy is highst in Bathudi sampl housholds followd by Kolha housholds but th growth is lowst in Bhumija sampl housholds. In rspct of growth of litracy in diffrnt lvl of ducation, th growth of litracy in scondary lvl ar of highr ordr whr as th growth of litracy in ME and abov scondary ar of lowr importanc. In traditional socity control & accss of any dcision making li in th hands of th ldr popl. By th study of ag (figur 9) w would try to find out whthr in this variant socity baton of th rlay rac of Panchayat ladrship has bn handd ovr to th youngr group by th ldr group or not. This illustrats that th ducational lvl of WERs in ag group (25-5) is lowr. EWR from both blocks hav low lvl of ducation majority of thm wr only primary ducatd and only 2 prcnt mmbr is graduatd in both blocks, it clarly indicats that th participation of rspondnts with blow scondary ducation tnds to b mor in local govrnanc. Th ag group has mor prcnt in primary ducation. Ag group, 6-45 yr, is avrag prcnt in all lvl ducation. It is an accptd fact that th ovrall ducational status of fmal is quit low in all th GP. DOI: / Pag