A&P 1 Skeletal Lab Guide Week 2 - Appendicular Skeleton and Joints Lab Exercises: Pectoral Girdle

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1 A&P 1 Skeletal Lab Guide Week 2 - Appendicular Skeleton and Joints Lab Exercises: Pectoral Girdle PLEASE NOTE: Your group will need an articulated skeleton, a disarticulated skeleton, and the joint models at your station Please review the parts of a long bone before moving on However, after that, these steps can be done in whatever order is necessary, depending on the availability of the joint models YOU WILL NEED THE IMAGES IN YOUR TEXTBOOK OR LAB MANUAL! Our lecture book has an excellent section on the skeleton and articulations Of course, there are usually extra textbooks in lab

2 Step 1 Study the Shoulder Joint Read me! You will need the model of the shoulder joint, a disarticulated skeleton, and an articulated skeleton at your station If the shoulder model is unavailable, move to another step, or use the images in your textbook or lab book, or the internet Remember that there are textbooks in the room #1 Examine The Pectoral Girdle & Shoulder Joint on the articulated skeleton: Look at this image of the articulated shoulder joint, while examining the skeleton at your station Follow the steps on the image in sequential order: The shoulder joint includes features of the scapula, clavicle and proximal humerus ID the three bones on your skeleton 1 3 Other processes are where ligaments and tendons attach These have a "rough surface" 2 Some processes are used in the joint, such as this condyle These have a smooth surface Find this one on the skeleton Find this condyle on your skeleton

3 #2 Get a scapula, clavicle and humerus out of your "Disarticulated skeleton box" If possible, make sure they are from the same side of the body (for example, make sure they are all from the rightside of the body) Use book images as a guide Now, let's find the structures found on your wordlist on the articulated skeleton and the disarticulated bones Clavicle Sternal End (Head) Acromial End (Head) Shaft Scapula Glenoid Cavity Anterior Surface Posterior Surface Acromion Process Glenoid Fossa Coracoid Process All 3 Borders (Superior, Medial, Lateral) Subscapular Fossa Supraspinatus Fossa Infraspinatus Fossa Humerus on next page

4 Humerus (Proximal End Only) Proximal Epiphysis Head Anatomical Neck Shaft (Diaphysis) Greater Tubercle Lesser Tubercle Intertubercular groove Deltoid tuberosity Proximal Humerus

5 #3 In the room is a model of the shoulder joint, similar to the one seen in the image to the right Bring it to your workstation if it is available If not available, find an image in your book which shows the ligaments attaching (similar to the model) You may look in the "articulation" chapter Now let s find these structures off the Appendicular skeleton and Articulation word list on the shoulder model: Clavicle Sternal End (Head) Acromial End (Head) Shaft Scapula Glenoid Cavity Anterior Surface Posterior Surface Acromion Process Glenoid Fossa Coracoid Process All 3 Borders (Superior, Medial, Lateral) Subscapular Fossa Supraspinatus Fossa Infraspinatus Fossa Now let s find these structures on the shoulder model: Glenoid Cavity Glenoid Fossa Subscapular Fossa Supraspinatus Fossa Infraspinatus Fossa Acromion process Coracoid process Acromial head of clavicle The head of the humerus Both tubercles on the humerus, and the groove between them Coracoacromial ligament Coracohumeral ligament Acromioclavicular ligament Articular capsule Bursae cannot be seen on the model Discuss where you would find these on the model: (I often place a small bag on the model, and ask you which bursae it would be!) Subacromial bursae & Subdeltoid bursae (see image: Pretty much the same thing, the difference being is it under bone or muscle? ) Subscapular bursae Subcoracoid bursae Put the model back!

6 Step 2 Study the Elbow Joint Read me! You will need the model of the elbow joint, a disarticulated skeleton, and an articulated skeleton at your station If the elbow model is unavailable, move to another step, or use the images in your text Get a radius, ulna and humerus out of your "Disarticulated skeleton box" If possible, make sure they are from the same side of the body (for example, make sure they are all from the right-side of the body) We want the radius and ulna to be able to articulate! #1 Look at this image of the articulated elbow joint below, while examining the skeleton at your station Follow the steps in sequential order The elbow joint includes features of the distal humerus, and the proximal ulna and radius 1 2 Some processes are used within the joint, such as this condyle These have a smooth surface Other processes are where ligaments and tendons attach These have a "rough surface" 3 Palpate the bump on the back of your elbow Find this on the skeleton It is called the olecranon process 4 Palpate the medial and lateral borders of your elbow Feel the bumps? These are the epicondyles Find them on the skeleton more

7 #2 Now, let's find the structures found on your wordlist on the articulated skeleton and the disarticulated bones, at the same time Humerus Shaft (Diaphysis) Olecranon Fossa Trochleav Capitulum Coronoid Fossa Lateral Epicondyle Medial Epicondyle Ulna Head Olecranon Process Coronoid Process Trochlear/Semilunar Notch Styloid Process Radial Notch Radius Head & Neck Radial Tuberosity Distal Humerus Proximal radius & ulna more

8 #3 In the room is a model of the elbow joint, similar to the one seen in the image to the right Bring it to your workstation if it is available If not available, find an image in your book which shows the ligaments attaching (similar to the model) You may look in the "articulation" chapter Find these structures found on your articulation word list: Joint capsule Lateral epicondyle & ulnar collateral ligament Medial epicondyle & radial collateral ligament Annular ligament Put the model back!

9 Step 3 Examine the Wrist Joint, Hand and Fingers Read me! At your station, you will only need an articulated skeleton, and a disarticulated radius and ulna I will only test you on an articulated wrist and fingers If possible, make sure the radius and ulna are from the same side of the body (for example, make sure they are all from the right-side of the body) We want the radius and ulna to be able to articulate! And, I will only test you on the palm side of the hand and wrist #1 The Wrist Joint Look at this image of the articulated wrist joint, while examining the skeleton at your station Follow the steps in sequential order The wrist joint includes features of the distal radius and ulna, and the carpal bones 1 2 We won't worry about each individual joint found in the hand and fingers We will know distal, medial and proximal phalange We will name each individual carpal bone

10 #2 Study the hand and fingers A Read me! In the room is a model of the hand and wrist joint, similar to the one seen in the image to the right Sometimes I will put this on the exam But you can do this station using the hand on your articulated skeleton Also, inside your bone box, there should be an articulated hand Get it out Look at the fingers on your own hand Bend them The bones are called phalanges Notice, as you bend them, your fingers have 3 phalanges ID the distal, medial and proximal phalange on the middle finger of the articulated skeleton Now, look at your own thumb Notice that it only has 2 phalanges in it! Find the thumb on the articulated skeleton & articulated hand B Now, look at your own palm Looking at the articulated hand, notice the bones in your palm look a lot like phalanges, don t they? But they are called metacarpals Find them on the articulated skeleton & articulated hand Look at your hand, and the skeleton s hand Notice that the phalanges and metacarpals curve slightly towards palm side! C The wrist bones are called carpal bones We will study those in the next section NOTE: we will always be looking at the ANTERIOR SIDE! Make sure you can ID palm side, and thumb side on the articulated skeleton & articulated hand You are going to need that for the next section in this guide Make sure you can tell a left hand from right hand It will matter when you study the wrist bones!! Notice the arrows are pointing to the same bone in image D below (it is under the pinkie): D This bone is called the pisiform It sits on top of another bone Sometimes, on plastic skeletons, they fuse them together so they look like one bone Other times, the pisiform is held on with a small wire Find it on both hands of the articulated skeleton! So, you see, you cannot use bone on the left of the palm and bone on the right of the palm You must use bone under the thumb and bone under the pinkie

11 #3 Study the Carpal bones (the carpus ) There are 2 rows of carpal bones (proximal & distal) I will only test you and the ANTERIOR PALM (notice there is 1 extra bone on that side the pisiform sits on top of the triquetrum A Mnemonic Device is a means of remembering something using a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations that assists in remembering something We used one when studying the foramen at the base of the skull Here is another good opportunity See the mnemonic device after the image A Carpal Bones, from lateral to medial: 1 Proximal row trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate 2 Distal row triquetrum pisiform lunate scaphoid Fill in the blank to finish the mnemonic device, which starts under the thumb on either hand, and then moves in a circle along the proximal row to the pinkie, and then distally back to the thumb Also see the 3 NOTES found after the image: Tom s trapped cat has tried p l s NOTE: This works on either hand Tom helps you remember the first T word ends in M And trapped helps you remember that the second T is trapezoid

12 #4 Now, let's study the distal portions of the radius and ulna, which help form the wrist joint Ulna styloid process radial notch Radius styloid process head radial tuberosity End of document