TEST # 1. Before starting the test, please print your name and ID number at the top left-hand corner of this page only.

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Derick Singleton
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1 University of Western Ontario Department of Psychology Psychology 261 Section 001 (Murray) TEST # 1 Instructions Before starting the test, please print your name and ID number at the top left-hand corner of this page only. For multiple-choice questions # 1 to 30 (1 point per question), please circle the letter corresponding to the alternative that best answers the question. For essay questions # 31 to 33 ( 10 points per question), please provide a brief one-page written answer in the space provided. Explain clearly and stick to the point of the question. Quality of writing will be taken into account in grading. Multiple Choice Questions (30 points) 1. Many of the obvious generalizations about human behavior that are believed by the majority of people tend to be a. based on systematic observation. b. false or insufficiently qualified. c. free of cultural bias. d. appropriate as bases for teachers' decision making. 2. Qualitative research differs from quantitative research in that it attempts to a. measure the characteristics of events and people. b. bring about wanted changes in people. c. describe the life events and experiences of people. d. manipulate alterable variables that affect people's lives.

2 3. The meaning of a concept depends on both the definition given to it and the a. complexity of the topic. b. people to whom the concept applies. c. way the concept is measured or studied. d. frequency of occurrence of the events to which the concept applies. 4. The three kinds of goals of science depend on certain kinds of relationships. Which one of the following statements about dependencies is correct? a. Prediction depends on logical relationships. b. Understanding depends on predictive relationships. c. Control depends on causal relationships. d. Explanation depends on temporal relationships. 5. A teacher is asked to name the pupils in her class, and an investigator records the names as they are mentioned by the teacher. Later the investigator wants to determine whether the pupils named first tend to be those who have higher IQs. The investigator is determining whether the two variables are a. manipulated. b. randomly assigned. c. causally related. d. correlated. 6. Why is random assignment so important in experimentation in psychology? a. It creates balance among treatment groups, ensuring that no one group has an advantage or disadvantage over other groups. b. It helps researchers to generalize their findings to other populations. c. It helps researchers to overcome their own biases. d. All of these are important. 7. The student will earn a rating of satisfactory or better on four out of five given handwriting samples." This is an example of a(n) objective. a. cognitive b. affective c. efficiency d. psychomotor

3 8. A desirable statement of a behavioural objective specifies the conditions under which the behavior is to be performed. Which of the following illustrates this aspect of an objective? a. Write an adequate multiple-choice item... b. Given string and a piece of chalk... c....containing no errors that reduce the answer's validity. d. Make up an original example How does the use of a performance matrix tie instruction to evaluation? a. A teacher can formulate as many objectives as are useful. b. Students have the opportunity to practice test items in advance. c. Items from the rows of a matrix can be used to construct tests. d. Test items can be matched to each cell in the matrix to ensure a representative test. 10. According to Bloom s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, which of the following would be ranked highest in the cognitive domain? a. Application b. Evaluation c. Synthesis d. Analysis 11. Instructional objectives at the analysis level of Bloom s taxonomy call for which type of ability? a. Determining rules in concrete situations b. Using abstract principles in new situations. c. Designing a new thing from several distinct items of information d. Comparing and contrasting 12. To say that an IQ test has norms means that scores on the test can be a. used to define standards of acceptable performance. b. interpreted according to geographic location. c. converted from raw scores to pass-or-fail scores. d. compared with those of other people of the same age.

4 13. What is the most convincing evidence for the existence of a g or general mental ability factor? a. Students perform differently in different academic content areas. b. Virtually all tests of cognitive ability correlate positively with one another. c. Virtually all tests of cognitive ability tend to correlate negatively with one another. d. Cognitive tests correlate positively with tests of personality. 14. Research shows that a teacher who holds a low expectation about the performance of a particular student is likely to not do which one of the following? a. Reward that student's answers more often. b. Require less work from that student. c. Criticize the student for failure more frequently. d. Wait longer for that student to answer a question. 15. Which of the following theorists most emphasizes the fact that the symbol systems used to encode information are very different for linguistic, spatial, kinesthetic, and mathematical information? a. Sternberg b. Gardner c. Piaget d. Flynn e. Vygotsky 16. According to research evidence, which of the following tends to be true of Asian- American mothers? a. They are dissatisfied with their children's work. b. They care more for their children that do other mothers. c. They provide better role models of scholarship than do other mothers. d. They spend more money on educational toys than do other mothers. 17. Which of the following characteristics is associated with tacit knowledge? a. It is action oriented. b. It is usually acquired without help from other people. c. It is procedural. d. It applies to very specific purposes and ill-defined problems. e. All of the above.

5 18. If children miss schooling because of such factors as summer vacation, illness, or war, their school achievement usually goes down. When we examine their IQ test scores, we find that they a. stay the same. b. go up. c. go down. d. none of the above 19. Carl can correctly answer a problem such as, "If all flegs are blats, and all blats are dulms, are flegs also dulms?" Which is likely to be the earliest stage of Piagetian intellectual development represented by the above description of behaviour? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Concrete Operational d. Formal Operational 20. Jair turns to play with another toy after the ball he was playing with rolls out of sight under the sofa. What stage of Piagetian intellectual development is best illustrated by the above description of behaviour? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Concrete Operational d. Formal Operational 21. According to Vygotsky, our personal psychological knowledge about categories (what is "sad," or what height you have to be to be called "tall") comes from our a. innate capacities. b. culture. c. direct experience. d. play. 22. Which two theorists of cognitive development emphasized the importance of social interactions between a tutor, teacher, or adult and a child? a. Bruner and Piaget b. Piaget and Vygotsky c. Bruner and Vygotsky d. Erikson and Piaget

6 23. A young child calls the mail carrier "Dada." This is an example of a. linguistic competence. b. telegraphic speech. c. rationalistic speech. d. overgeneralization. 24. Parents who intentionally train their children in proper grammar usage have children who a. achieve knowledge of grammar before untrained children. b. achieve knowledge of grammar at about the same time as untrained children. c. develop lisps and speech problems. d. achieve higher grades in their school academic subjects. 25. Multicultural classrooms commonly include all of the following strategies except a. cooperative learning. b. homogeneous grouping. c. peer tutoring. d. cross-age tutoring. 26. What is true about training programs intended to accelerate the development of moral reasoning in children? a. They do not have much effect. b. They actually retard children's moral development. c. They produce small gains in children's moral development. d. They work only when the children have middle-class backgrounds. 27. Research on the relationship between measures of creativity and measures of intelligence shows that, for the most part, a. people who are highly intelligent are also highly creative. b. creativity is usually found in people with either very high or very low scores on intelligence tests. c. intelligence and creativity are partially independent. d. there will be no creative people in a group of people with low intelligence test scores.

7 28. When examining teacher interactions with boys and girls in the classroom, research studies indicate that teachers a. tend to give girls more positive attention in the classroom. b. tend to give boys more positive attention in the classroom. c. do not interact differently with boys and girls in the classroom. d. interact negatively with both boys and girls in the classroom. 29. Which of the following types of exceptionality has shown a huge increase, to approximately 1.8 million identified students, in the last 20 years? a. Learning disabilities b. Communication disorders c. Behavioural disorders d. Mental retardation 30. Janetta finally accepts her limitations and assets. She takes people at face value and feels a sense of pride that she is what she is and has done what she has done. According to Erikson's theory of personality development, this would appear to be an example of a positive resolution to the crisis of a. generativity versus stagnation. b. intimacy versus isolation. c. identity versus confusion. d. integrity versus despair. Essay Questions (30 points) 31. Compare the views of Mager, Gronlund, and Eisner on instructional objectives, and explain which of these three views is most similar to the position taken by modern constructivism on instructional objectives. 32. Define aptitude-treatment interaction and explain its educational significance. In what sense is aptitude-treatment interaction consistent with the idea of ability grouping in schools? 33. Differentiate between the self-enhancement and skill development explanations of the significant correlation found in research between self-concept and school achievement. Explain why it is important to know which of these two explanations or models is correct, and briefly identify two research designs that might be used to accomplish this task.

Theories of Cognitive Development

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