INTRINSIC Al';jD EXTRINSIC GOALS THAT MOTIVATE KENYAN RUGBY MATCH OFFICIAI.S TO loin,'\nd CONTINUE REFEREEING

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1 INTRINSIC Al';jD EXTRINSIC GOALS THAT MOTIVATE KENYAN RUGBY MATCH OFFICIAI.S TO loin,'\nd CONTINUE REFEREEING Muarnba J. 1<.,MunayiS. and Mugai D., Department of Leisure and Recreation, Kenyatta University Abstract Like many other sports, rugby is still an amateur sport in Kenya. Participation in the sport is a voluntary part - time activity. The sport has over the years benefited from this 'volunteerism' of all parties concerned including players, coaches, match officials, club and union officials, The purpose of this study therefore is to investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic goals that motivate Kenyan rugby match officials to begin and continue refereeing. The study will assess the extent to which goals such as enhanced self - esteem, socialisation, enjoyment, recognition and tangible rewards influence individuals to join and continue refereeing. Selfadministered questionnaires were used to collect data. Key Words: Referee, motivation, rewards. Introduction Although rugby is still an amateur sport in Kenya, it is now becoming very competitive. Kenya is currently ranked 34 th in the world in the fifteen a-side version and 9 th in the current series standings of Sevens Worid Series Standings ( Such competitiveness demands for more and competent match officials. According to referee appointments released by the allocations committee of the Kenya Rugby Referees Society (KRRS) for the first leg of the 20 I0/20 II leagues (KRRS archives, 20 I0), an average of 40 referees were nominated to officiate matches across the country on a given weekend (KRRS archives, 2010). An invoice sent to Kenya Rugby Union Management indicates that a total of 51 league matches were officiated, a majority of them by a team of three -a referee and two assistants, and in some cases a referee coach, between October 20 I 0 and February 20 II (KRRS archives, 20 I0). Th is study investigated what motivates these match officials to participate in refereeing. Different scholars have defined the two principles of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation differently. Shief (2008) defines extrinsic motivation as that which results from tangible rewards such as money or promotions, or intangible rewards such as public praise while intrinsic motivation is often a result of engaging in activities based on the level of enjoyment like learning new things or in helping others. Ryan, Williams, Patrick and Deci (20 10) define the two terms as follows, intrinsic motivation pertains to participation in an activity because of the inherent pleasures and satisfaction it provides while extrinsic motivation characterizes activities that are performed to obtain some separable outcome. Lonsdale, Hodg and Rose (2009) point out that athletes are more likely to engage in an activity if they are intrinsically motivated as compared to being extrinsically motivated. It is therefore important to determine to what extent each of these goals motivates the Kenyan Match Officials. Participation in physical activities and sports can be both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated. 186

2 Statement of the problem officiating 9f the 51 league matches (KRRS archives, In Kenya, referees are perhaps more likely to be evaluated negatively rather than positively. Coaches and players have strongly criticised what they termed 'poor officiating' at the just-concluded two legs of the Western Union National Sevens Circuit ( Indeed referees are condemned rudely by spectators irrespective of how.i. '. objective they are. Further Rugby officiating is characterized by stress, burn out and intention to terminate (De Villiers, 2003). Given such factors, 20 10)? It is important to investigate the role both intrinsic and extrinsic goals play in making the rugby match officials persist in this activity. De Villiers (2003) lists performance concerns, time pressure, fear of physical harm and interpersonal conflicts as sources of stress in sports officials. Further he cites the public, the coaches, management of teams and players themselves as parties responsible for placing referees under stress. With all these issues, what motivates rugby referees in Kenya to officiate? what is the attraction towards the officiating of Rugby in Kenya? What is the motivation for the Intrinsic Goals Tangible rewards OFFICIATING Enjoyment Extrinsic Goals Recognition :41 Self Esteem ] Figure I The intrinsic and extrinsic goals that motivate match officials Socialisation Research Design The study used the survey research design to determine factors that motivate rugby referees to start and continue refereeing. It is a suitable research design for this study because it does not involve rugby matches take part in Nairobi. Referees in Nairobi have opportunities to referee matches at all levels and more consistent than anywhere else in the country. manipulation of variables under investigation (Gratton and Jones, 2009) but reports current status of phenomenon. Target population Location of the study The population of this study was rugby referees with at least International Level I rugby officiating The location of the study was Nairobi Province. Nairobi was chosen as the area of study because most training. Level I trained referees have basic skills which enables them to referee rugby matches of 187

3 minimal to moderate degree of competition. The referees were categorised as follows: Division I, Division 2 and Entry. These categories cut across referees of different experience and competence. Again, they included referees from different parts of the country so the study had a national outlook. Sampling procedures and Sample size The sample for this study was obtained using stratified sampling procedure. The referees were stratified into three strata: Division I, Division 2, and Entry. A stratified random sampling procedure was used in the study to ensure each category provided a match official with at least an IRS level I officiating certificate and, has been active for the last two seasons (data was obtained from KRRS records). In each stratum a simple random sampling was used to get the final sample of 50 (75%) for the study. This proportion is acceptable in a descriptive research design (Mugenda and Mugenda, 2003). Research Instrument A self administered questionnaire was used as the main data collection tool for this study. According to Gratton and Jones (2009), the questionnaires are appropriate where relatively simple, generally quantitative information is required form large sample. The questionnaire was constructed by the researcher and validated by academic staff in the Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science of Kenyatta University. The questionnaire consisted of both open and close ended questions (i.e. 5 - point rating) to provide for structured responses. Data Presentation, Interpretation and Discussion The purpose of the study was to investigate both the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the Kenyan rugby referee. The first part of the analysis deals with the demographic information, experience and qualification. While the second part deals with information on the respondents' drivers for his or her consistence in refereeing. The data was presented in descriptive and tabular form. The following are the results of the data analysis and their interpretations. The analysis was done using both SPSS and R analysis software. Instrument return rate The questionnaire response rate is the proportion of the sample that participated in the study as intended in all research procedures. The questionnaires were administered to a sample of 20 and 13 (65%) of the sampled respondents duly filled and returned the questionnaires. The return rate was therefore above average thus making research effective. Table I gives the summary of the instruments return rate. Table I Instrument Return Rate I Sampled Returned I Percent Demographic information of the respondents Gender The respondents were asked to state their gender and all of them were males. Women rugby is just starting 188

4 to take shape in East Africa. Kenya boasts of about 30 female players, hence the possible low interest in Age The respondents were asked to state their age in years refereeing in the case of women. and Table 2 gives the summary of the findings. Table 2 Age in years Age in years Frequency Percentage Less than The results show that the field is dominated by the people aged below 30 years. Respondents aged below 20 years formed 38.46%, this shows that the game Education The respondents were asked to state their formal level of education and table 3 below gives the has a future as far as refereeing is concerned. summary of the findings. Table 3 Formal Education level of Referees Education level Frequency Percentage ~ Masters I 7.7 Bachelors 3 I 23.1 Diploma 3 23.\ Primary I 7.7 Students I The findings reveal that most respondents are Marital status Bachelors and diploma holders at 23.1 % each. Indeed over half of those who responded had attended a The respondents were asked to declare their marital status and table 4 gives the summary of the findings. tertiary institution. Table 4 Marital Status of Referee Marital status Frequency Percentage Married 4 I 30.8 Single Most of the respondents (69.2%) were single and the rest were married (30.8%) Profession The respondents were asked to state their Profession Profession and Rewards and table 5 gives the summary of the findings. 189

5 Table 5 Professions of Referees Profession Frequency Percentage Administrator Manager I 7.7 Hotelier I 7.7 Commercial Taxi Driver I 7.7 Marketing manager I 7.7 Personal trainer I 7.7 Plumber I 7.7 School counselor I 7.7 Teacher I 7.7 Student The results show that rugby referees are of varied professions and that there is no particular profession Salaries that can be said to be major in rugby refereeing. The respondents were asked to state their monthly Indeed those students, once they graduate, may salary and table 6 gives the summary of the findings. increase the sheer number of professions involved in rugby refereeing. Table 6 Salary brackets in Kenyan Shillings (K Shs) Salary in K shs. Frequency Percentage Below 9, ,000-49, Over 50, Most of the respondents earned below K Shs.9,900 could this be the reasons these referees go into this to argument their income? This idea need to be investigated. Respondents' experience Refereeing qualification International Rugby Board (IRB) accredited level and The respondents were asked to state their IRB certified level and table 7 gives the summary of the findings. 190

6 Table 7 IRB accredited level frb accredited level Frequency Percentage Level Level Level I Total 13 1 QO,O I Majority 8(61.5%) had IRB level 2 and the rest The respondents -were asked to state whether rugby (38.5%) had level I. There were no IRB level 3 was being played in the schools and colleges they referees. The question on the time taken at the went through. They were also asked to state whether prevailing IRB training level was responded to by they were active players and who else has been less than 50% of the respondents with the longest actively involved in the game among his or her time being 8 years and shortest I year. The longest parents, siblings, relatives and friends. The time taken was 9 years and the shortest was one year. respondents schooling and rugby participation findings are summarized in Table 8. Respondents' growing environment and exposure Table 8: Schooling Institution Rugby played Respondents' played Primary school 9 (69.2%) 7 (53.8) Secondary schoo! 11(84.6%) 8 (61.5%) Colleges 4 (30.8%) I (7.7%) Clubs 4 (30.8%) I (7.7%)..! According to the study there was an mcreasmg trend referees who actively participated In the game said of the rugby game and play from primary to the drive was the passion and love of the game while secondary schools. A drastic drop was noticed from most of non participants cited lack of playing secondary to colleges in both the presence of the facilities and players. game and participation, only I (7.7%) was actively playing at college level. The rugby game was more Respondents' Family and Friends pronounced II (84.6%) at secondary school level and The respondents family and friends rugby majority also were active participants 8(61.5%) at participation findings are summarized in table 9 that level but very dismal at college level. The 191

7 Table 9: Family and Friends Family & Friends Played or Refereed Rugby Percentage (Frequency) Parents Siblings Relatives and Friends The findings reveal that only 4 (30.8%) of the respondents had their parents and siblings play or referee rugby. 9 (69.2) had their relatives and friends play rugby. The insinuation here is rugby referees picked up the game through family and friends. Respondents' refereeing exposure The respondents were asked to state whether they have ever officiated an international tournament outside their native country and Table 10 gives the summary of the findings. Table 10: Exposure Officiated an international Frequency Percentage match Yes No Most of the respondents 7(53.8%) had officiated an international match. All the respondents wished to do it again and all those who had never officiated at that level wished to. They said it is a good training ground and they are able to meet new friends and challenges. Table II: Leagues League/Tournament Preference Not at all Little Can't Say High v. High National Sevens Series 2 (15.4%) 3(23.1%) 3 (23.1%) I (7.7%) 4 (30.8%) Safari Sevens 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(7.7%) 1 (7.7%) 9 (69.2%) Kenya Cup / ESS league 2(15.4%) 0(0%) 3 (23.1%) 2 (15.4%) 3 (23.1%) Bamburi Super Series 0(0%) 0(0%) I (7.7%) 3(23.1%) 7 (53.8%) Nakuru 10's ' 0 (0%) 0(0%) I (7.7%) 3(23.1%) 2 (15.4%) Impala floodlit 0(0%) 0(0%) I (7.7%) 2 {I 5.4%) 3(23.1%) 192

8 Most of the respondent s 9 (69.2%) preferred Safari Sevens followed by Bamburi Super Series at 7 (53.8%). The reasons behind their high preference included competitiveness, hugeness, high organizational skills and good place to socialize and interact. Recommendations Further to the discussion above the following recommendations are made: I. There is need for the questionnaire to be administered to a bigger sample of referees this would allow more definitive patterns to develop. 2. The remuneration package for referees in this sport needs to be upgraded so that it can capture higher salaried referees References Di Xie, M.S. (2005). Exploring Organizationa! Learning Cult lire, Job Satisfaction, Motivation to Learn, Organiz ational Commitment and, Internal Service Quality in a Spar/ Organization. Ohio: Ohio State University. Duncan, L.R.. Hall, C.R.. Wilson, P.M., Jenny, O. (20 I0) Exercise motivation: a cross-sectional analysis examining its relationships with frequency, and duration of exercise. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,, 7:7 Gratton, C; Jones,!. (2009). Research Methods in Sports Studies. New York: Routledge. Hall, C.R.. Rodgers, W.M., Wilson, P.M., Norman, P. (2010). Imagery Use and Self-Determined Motivations in a Community Sample of Exercisers and Non-Exercisers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40, (I), Lonsdale. Hodge. K.. Rose. E. (2009). Athlete burnout in elite sport: A self-determination perspective. Journal of Sports Sciences.; 27 (8): Mugenda, 0., Mugenda, A. (2003). Research Methods. Nairobi: ACTS. Mulavi, B.S. (2010, 30 th August). Coaches Cry Foul. East Africa Standard, P. Ryan, R., Williams G.c., Patrick, H., Deci E.L. (2009), Self determination theory and physical activity: The dynamics of motivation and well being. Hellenic Journal cf Psychology, 6,

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