Establishing and Testing Conditioned Reinforcers Comparison of the Pairing Vs. Discriminative Stimulus Procedures with Individuals with Disabilities
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1 Establishing and Testing Conditioned Reinforcers Comparison of the Pairing Vs. Discriminative Stimulus Procedures with Individuals with Disabilities A Research Proposal Yannick A. Schenk
2 Introduction A common characteristic of individuals with developmental disabilities is a restricted range of interest (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) Behavioral translation individuals having a limited range of effective and functional reinforcers Reinforcement is a quintessential element for the development of operant behaviors (Pace, Ivancic, Edwards, Iwata, & Page, 1985)
3 Introduction Cont. A limited range of reinforcers can be a barrier for teaching individuals new functional skills Satiation Natural shifts in preference Health issues
4 Introduction Cont. We need to identify and research procedures to establish new (conditioned) reinforcers Promote effective skill acquisition and maintenance Attenuate issues related to changes in motivating operations
5 Defining Conditioned Reinforcement Mazur (2006) defines conditioned reinforcement as: a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to strengthen responses because it has been repeatedly associated with a primary reinforcer (or unconditioned reinforcers)
6 Review of Basic Research Basic research informs us about: The concept of conditioned reinforcement The various preparations used to study it Its effects on operant behavior
7 Review of Basic Research Two main experimental preparations emerge in the study of conditioned reinforcement (Kelleher & Gollub,1962) 1. Pairing Procedure 2. Operant Discriminative Stimulus (or S D ) Procedure
8 Paring vs. S D Procedure Pairing procedure 1 sec. delay Repeat NS SR+ S D procedure SD (NS) SR+ S-Delta Nothing (EXT)
9 Applied Studies Comparing Pairing and S D Procedure Lovaas et al. (1966) Holth et al. (2009)
10 Research Questions Can we use the pairing procedure to establish a neutral stimulus into a conditioned reinforcer? Can we use the S D procedure to establish a neutral stimulus into a conditioned reinforcer? Do reinforcing effects endure after 3 months for both procedures?
11 Method Participants 4-6 participants (3-60 yo) Autism and/or developmental disability Lack a wide range of known reinforcers Setting Home, school, day program, or clinic Materials Primary reinforcers (food, drink) Neutral stimuli NS (Light, Sound, Other visual/auditory stimulus) Microswitches (S D procedure and arbitrary responses AR)
12 Design Non-concurrent multiple probe across participants design # test probes will be extended in baseline (staggering) Quasi-random assignment of participants to the pairing or S D procedure** Participant Pairing Procedure S D Procedure Participant 1 1st (NS1-AR1) 2 nd (NS2-AR2) Participant 2 2 nd (NS2-AR2) 1 st (NS1-AR1)
13 Main DV: Dependent and Independent Measures Break point value (last completed schedule on a progressive ratio schedule) Number of conditioning trials Main IV: Pairing procedure S D procedure
14 Method Phase 1 Preliminary Assessments Preference assessment Reinforcer assessment Satiation Rate assessment Arbitrary Response (AR) e.g., pulling a string Neutral Stimulus (NS) selection e.g., light, sound
15 Method Phase 2 - Experimental Analysis Test Probes Break point value Designed to test if the NS becomes an Sr+ Baseline and following conditioning trials Pairing procedure: AR1 (e.g., string pulling) NS1 (light) S D procedure: AR2 (e.g., foot pressing) NS2 (sound) Control/No Conditioning: AR 3 (e.g., squeezing) NS3 (auditory/visual stimulus)
16 Method Phase 2 - Experimental Analysis Pairing Procedure (light-ns) 1sec. Delay (candy-sr+) S D Procedure S D (light-ns) (squeezing) (candy-sr+) No S D (no light-ns) (squeezing) EXT
17 Decision Criteria For Reinforcer Test Probes during Phase 2 Test Probe (Baseline) 40 Trials Test Probe (6 or > above baseline?) YES Next procedures OR Phase 2 ends NO Additional 20 trials 60 Trials Test Probe Same criteria as 40 trials 80 Trials Test Probe
18 Method Phase 3 3 Months Follow Up Test Probes Break point value No conditioning procedures
19 Results (Anticipated) Holth et al. (2009) found that the SD procedure was overall more effective than the Pairing procedure This study anticipates finding similar results as Holth et al. (2009)
20 Comments/Questions Thank you for your time
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