Learning and conditioning

Transcription

1 AP Psych Review Assignment Spring 2009 Chapter and Topic of this Review Guide: Learning and conditioning Vocab Term Definition of Term Example Learning Any relatively permanent change in behavior that can be attributed to experience, Most of our behavior is learned if we suddenly lost all that we learned we wouldn t be able to even feed our Reinforcement Any event that increases the probability that a particular response will occur self s If your dog does a trick correctly and you give them a treat. The treat would be the reinforcement, Antecedents Events that follow a response A example of this is would be when Ashley hears a truck pull in the drive way, it means her father is home and she waits by the door for a hug. Consequences Effects that follow a event The hug is what reinforces Ashley s tendency to run to the door. AS this suggests, paying careful attention to the before and After of learning. Reflex Classical conditioning Neutral Stimulus Conditioned stimulus Un Conditioned Response Acquisition Higher order conditioning Expectancy Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Stimulus Generalization An innate, automatic response to a stimulus A form of learning in which reflex response are associated with a new stimuli Learning based on the consequences of a responding A stimulus that does not evoke a response. A stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeated paired with an un A stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response A learning response elicited by a The period in condition during which a response is reinforced Classical conditioning in which a is use to reinforce further learning An Anticipation concerning future events or relationships The weakening if a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement The Reappearance of a learning response after its apparent extinction The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to but not identical to a A puff of air making your eye blink A horn associating with a puff of air to the eye. If you wear a certain hat and you get a complement well wearing it chances are you will wear it again, In Pavlov s experiment the Bell starts out at a NS, The bell would soon become a CS because it will cause a response The meat powder in Pavlov s experiment because is capable to produce a response of the reflex of salivating. When the bell produces salivation it becomes a CR The time period where you would give your good a treat after a good deed is done This would be like adding another step to the CS During conditioning the brain would expect the US will follow the CS Removing the contingency between the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus The returnable of a learning response after apparent extinction A Child Salivating to the sound of a ringing telephone even through they were never used as a CR

2 Stimulus Discrimination The learning ability to respond differently to similar stimuli Remember a feeling of anxiety when hearing your parents voice change Conditioned emotional response An emotional response that has been linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus but classical conditioning One bad experience that may change your view on a certain object and always be frightened of it Desensitization Reducing fear or anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to a emotional Dogs have been desensitized for fears of fireworks, thunder etc.. stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed Vicarious Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning brought about by observing another person react to a horror movies filled with screaming actors probably add to fear of objects particular stimulus Learning based on the consequence of responding Associating responses with consequences Law of effect Responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated Acts the are reinforced tend to be repeated Operant Reinforcer Any event that reliably increases the probability or frequency of responses it follows A positive reinforcement would be considered a operant reinforcer because it will be likely to make a response reoccur Conditional chamber An apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animas A skinner box, because is devoted to an experiment Response chaining The assembly of separate responses into a series of actions that lead to Having multiple reinforcements to create a resonse reinforcement Superstitious behavior A behavior repeated because it seems The wish bone theory to produce reinforcement, even though it is actually unnecessary Shaping Gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern Give a dog a treat every time be get closer to doing a desired trick Operant extinction The weakness or disappearance of a non reinforced operant response Watching a TV show that bores you that program will probably extinguish over time Negative reinforcement Occurs when a response is followed by an end to discomfort or by the removal of an unpleasant event When you have a headache you take a aspirin your aspirin taking will be negatively reinforced if the head ache stops Positive reinforcement Occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event This would be a treat for a dog when he does a good dead Punishment Any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again If someone is playing loud music and you yell at them for it and then they raise the volume even more this would be a punishment Aversive stimulus A stimulus that is painful or uncomfortable A punishment would be a example of aversive stimulus Response Cost Removal of a positive reinforcer after a response is made Parents so ground there children after bad behavior is performed Primary Reinforcer Natural, Nonlearned reinforcer Food and water Secondary Reinforcer A learned reinforcer Approval, Attention, success etc. Token reinforcer A tangible secondary reinforcer such Money, gold stars, poker chips as money, gold stars, poker chips and the like Social Reinforcer Reinforcement based on receiving attention approval or affection with another person Doing a good deed to receive a certain response from another person

3 Feedback Information returned to a person about A response from a deed the person about the effects a response has had Knowledge of results Informational feedback Knowing resulf of feedback to improve performance Programmed instruction Any learning format that presents information in small amounts Gives immediate practice and provides continuous feedback to learners Schedule of reinforcement A rule or plan for determining which Planned which response will occur response will be reinforced Continuous Reinforcement A schedule in which only a portion of Reinforcer is follows every correct Partial Reinforcement Effect Fixed ratio Schedule Variable Ratio schedule Fixed interval Schedule Variable Interval schedule Stimulus control Discriminative stimuli all responses are reinforced Responses acquired with partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction A set number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer A varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer A reinforcer is given only when a correct response made after a varied amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response A reinforcer given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time has reinforced response Stimuli present when an operant response is acquired tend to control when and where the response is made Stimuli that precede rewarded and non rewarded responses in an operate conditioning response If a reinforcer is complete it will so lose the response wanted A reinforcer Is given for every four correct response A reinforcer is given after three to seven correct responses Response made during the time interval are not reinforced Slow steady responses Rewarding response tend to influence when and where the response occurs Police car on the freeway Punishment The process of suppressing a response Jail time, tickets, fines etc.. Punisher Any event that decreases the probability or frequency of responses it follows Escape learning Avoidance learning Cognitive learning Cognitive maps Latent learning Discovery learning Learning to make a response in order to end an aversive Learning to make a response in order to postpone prevent discomfort Higher-level learning thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation Internal images or other mental represtaions of an area that underline an ability to choose alternative paths to the same goal Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and that remains unexpected until reinforcement is provided Learning based on insight and understanding Little Jason s mother reprimanded him for throwing this toys, he stops throwing them. Reprimand is the punisher An example of this is when a dot gets shocked while in one of the compartments is will soon ESCAPE the pain by jumping If you work with a loud person you would be most likely to avoid conversation with them Memory thinking Maze, city map, campus, and so forth Rats were put in a maze and were able to explore once then found food at the end the latent learning made it easier to go through the maze the 2 nd time When people discover facts to make things easier

4 Observational learning Model Premack Principle Self-recording Learning achieved by watching and imitating the action of another noting the consequences of those actions A person who serves as an example in observational learning Any high-frequency response can be used to reinforce a low-frequency response Self management based on keeping records of response frequencies Dancing, tying a shoe, playing games etc.. A Olympic champion may be a model to someone who dream to be a Olympian Having trouble finding rewards Knowing you are receiving a desired goal Authors of Important Study Basic of What Was Done Lesson(s) learned from the study Classical conditioning It begins with a stimulus that reliably triggers a response, A form of learning How to trigger a response well using stimulus to make them happen. in which reflex response are associated with a new stimuli When a response is done its is either Learning based on the consequences of Cognitive learning negatively or positively reinforced Using your memory to get a deeper understanding a responding Higher-level learning thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation Shaping Give a dog a treat every time be get closer to doing a desired trick Gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern Observational learning Learning achieved by watching and imitating the action of another noting You learn certain activities such as dancing, and playing games the consequences of those actions Skinner box Rat is placed in a chamber that is bare except a metal lever and a tray into Apparatus designed to study operant learning which food pellets can be dispensed Discovery learning based on insight and understanding people discover facts to make things easier Latent learning Rats were put in a maze and were able to explore once then found food at the end the latent learning made it easier to go through the maze the 2 nd time Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and that remains unexpected until reinforcement is provided Computer-assisted instruction Johnsrude and Priluck Till and Priluck Reiff, Katkin and Friedman Learning is aided by computerpresented information and exercises Researched that higher order conditioning extends learning one or more steps beyond the original After conditioning they used another stimuli similar to the CS may also trigger a response Many involuntary, autonomic nervous system, responses are linked with new stimuli and situations by classical condition Its gave learners immediate feedback Paring images that evoke good feelings with pictures of their products Stimulus generalization explains why many stores carry imitations of nationality known products Learned reactions worsen many cases of hypertension. Jams, arguments with spouses can become conditioned stimuli that trigger dangerous rise in blood pressure

5 Name of Important Person What this person is known for Impact on Psychology Pavlov He observed that food made his dog salivate. He began classic experiments He formed the structure of classical condition which is A form of learning in which reflex response are associated Edward L. Thorndike He used where he associated responses with their consequences with a new stimuli Acts there are reinforced tend to be repeated this is called law of effect