Emotional competence comes from emotion How understanding the functions of emotion can inform EC/EI theory and research

Transcription

1 Autumn School on Emotional Competence Gent, November 2014 Emotional competence comes from emotion How understanding the functions of emotion can inform EC/EI theory and research Klaus R. Scherer Swiss Center for Affective Sciences University of Geneva & University of Munich European Research Council Advanced Grant

2 Functions and components of emotion Emotion function Evaluation of objects and events System regulation Preparation and direction of action Communication of reaction and behavioral intention Monitoring of internal state and organism-environment interaction Emotion component Appraisal component Neurophysiological component Motivational component Motor expression component Subjective feeling component This componential view is now widely accepted. The components are building blocks of the emotion architecture. Scherer, K. R. (2005). What are emotions? And how can they be measured? Social Science Information, 44(4),

3 Component Process Model (Scherer) Component patterning module Fuzzy set categorization module Multilevel appraisal module Event Behavior Situation Multilevel appraisals Motivational change Action tendencies Central representation of all components Categorization Labeling Physiological responses Motor expression

4 Component process model of emotion(cpm) Attention Memory Motivation Reasoning Self Concept Event Relevance Implication Coping this is novel and important this will obstruct my goals I can deal with this Normative Significance this is unfair and immoral

5 Components of Emotional Competence (EC) based on this functional Component Process Model Realistic evaluation of objects and events based on the individual s values, needs, and goals, taking into account personal control and power Preparation of appropriate adaptive actions to different types of eliciting events based on adequate consideration of competing interests, coping potential, and the probable consequences of specific actions Adaptive regulation of one's emotional state through selfmonitoring, with respect to internal set points and according to the socio-cultural and situational context Efficient emotional communication in social interaction through appropriate expression of one s own state and the ability to accurately recognize the affective state of others

6 Appropriate emotional reactions: Appraisal Appropriate emotion elicitation. Automatic detection of significant objects and events. Avoiding to overreact (hyper, stress) or underreact (Aristotle s social fool) Appropriate emotion differentiation. Evaluating the implications of an event in a realistic fashion. Correct estimation of coping potential. Accurate assessment of social expectations, norms, and moral standards.

7 A biased tendency toward external causal attribution "It attacked me!"

8 Does an emotional disposition cause a tendency to experience certain emotions more frequently? Risk factors Circular causality: living in French part of CH not having CH nationality being in the workplace trait depressiveness Quasi-representative mail survey in German and French living Switzerland in French part of (N CH ~ trait anxiety 1500) health symptoms linked to eating "Please disorders describe and depression an emotion you experienced yesterday" positive affect capacity for surprise "In general, how often do capacity for pride you few psychosomatic experience symptoms the following emotions?" happiness, joy anxiety anger, irritation sadness 14.0% desperation stress 13.0% 56.0% Trait State 30 other emotions living with another person trait anger being in the workplace moderate life satisfaction Scherer, Wranik, Sangsue, Tran, & Scherer. (2004). Emotions in everyday life: Probability of occurrence, risk factors, appraisal and reaction pattern. Social Science Information, 43(4),

9 Risk factors for biased emotion dispositions Average percentage of participants with different emotion dispositions reporting to have experienced the respective emotion yesterday ** ** 0 Frequent Rare Frequent Rare Sadness Odds Ratio 2.16 Anxiety Odds Ratio 2.88

10 Effects of appraisal bias on emotional reaction to experimentally induced failure Appraisal bias: Selection of extreme groups on Seligman's Attribution Style Questionnaire (ASQ): Externals (blame others for negative events, specific, unstable) Internals (blame themselves, global, stable) Experimental situation: Unsolvable two-person puzzle Results: Externals were significantly more likely to blame the partner both directly and indirectly. Internals and Externals were equally likely to report anger. However, Internals were more likely to be angry at the self and Externals were mainly angry at their interaction partner. Wranik, T., & Scherer, K. R. (2010). Why do I get angry? A componential appraisal approach. In M. Potegal et al., (Eds.). International Handbook of Anger (pp ). New York: Springer.

11 Appraisal biases 1

12 Appraisal biases 2 Scherer, K.R., & Brosch, T. (2009). Culture-specific appraisal biases contribute to emotion dispositions. European Journal of Personality, 23,

13 Appropriate emotion regulation: Response preparation and control Appropriate response preparation. Synchronized response patterning correctly driven by appraisal results. Preparation of adaptive action tendencies. Appropriate monitoring. Appropriate reflection and integration of all emotion components. Balanced conscious and unconscious processing. Precise proprioceptive feedback. Appropriate regulation and control. Absence of impulsiveness. Automatic use of appropriate regulation mechanisms (reappraisal and response manipulation). Social attunement.

14 Efferent effects of appraisal results on different components Components Event Time CNS Information Processing (Appraisal) Novelty Support (ANS physiology) Motivation (Action tendencies) Execution (Motor expression) Pleasantness Goal Significance Coping Potential Norm Compatibility System interactions Monitoring (Feeling state)

15 Synchronization of different components

16 Feeling, consciousness, and verbalization Physiological symptoms Cognitive appraisal Motor expression Action tendencies Unconscious reflection and regulation Feeling: Conscious representation and regulation Verbalization and communication of emotional experience

17 Proprioceptive feedback - à la Peanuts I get into this posture when I am depressed.. When you're depressed, it is very important to adopt an appropriate posture. The worst thing you can do is to stand upright and raise your head. You feel better right away! So, if you want to enjoy your depression you got to stand like this.

18 Duration of felt emotion in two cross-cultural self-report studies

19 Percentage of respondents in the Swiss Houshold Panel suffering strongly after bereavement weeks

20 Coping mechsnisms and regulation: The Coping Index (COP-I)

21 Correlations between overexternalization and emotional adjustment in managers 1457 Managers and mid-level employees were tested with CAPP (Computer Assessment of Personal Potential) in the context of Human Resource Assessment Individuals scoring 1 SD or more above mean on "overexternalization" (mean of scores on external control and external attribution) were significantly: higher on Worry/Fear in an Emotional Disposition scale lower on Emotional Stability in Personality tests lower on Functional Coping and higher on Repression in a Coping Inventory

22 Efficient emotional communication: Strategic display and accurate recognition Appropriate strategic emotion display. Ability to adapt emotional expression to strategic interaction goals (Aristotle, Goffman). Congruent expression in different modalities. Accurate emotion recognition. High ability to recognize emotional states of others in different modalities, even if controlled or concealed. High capacity for empathy.

23 Aristotle The man who is angry at the right things and with the right people, and, further, as he ought, when he ought, and as long as he ought, is praised For the good-tempered man tends to be unperturbed and not to be led by passion, but to be angry in the manner, at the things, and for the length of time, that the rule dictates; The deficiency, whether it is a sort of irascibility or whatever it is, is blamed. For those who are not angry at the things they should be angry at, are thought to be fools, and so are those that who are not angry in the right way, at the right time, or with the right persons; for such a man is thought not to feel things nor to be pained by them, and since he does not get angry, he is thought unlikely to defend himself; and to endure being insulted and put up with insult to one s friends is slavish. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Bk. IV: Ch 5; in McKeon, 1941, p. 998

24 The Tripartite Emotion Expression and Perception Model (TEEP) Scherer K R, 2013 Emotion in action, interaction, music, and speech, in M. Language, Music, and the Brain: A Mysterious Relationship Ed. A. Arbib (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) pp

25 Emotion and persuasion Ever since Plato's and Cicero's treatises of rhetoric, we know that successful persuasion depends essentially on the attribution of credibility and authenticity of the speaker, mediated through appropriate emotional expression: Emotional expression of the speaker Attribution of competence, credibility and authenticity Sympathy Empathy Emotion elicited in the audience Change in attitudes and behavior Emotional contagion

26

27 Emotional Authenticity in politics "La colère Royal" Analysis of 4 videoclips - Segolène Royal (2007, élection presidentielle) se déclare en colere avec Nicolas Sarkozy - Segolene Royal (1993, élections administratives) exprime sa colère vis-à-vis Nicolas Sarkozy - Deux clips contrôle du débat de 2007 pris avant et après l'épisode de colère

28 Results Judgments of S. Royal Spontaneity/Authenticity Spontaneity mean AV V A Condition Comparison 1993 > 2007 (MD =.166; p <.05)

29 Theodor Lipps and Einfühlung (empathy) Emotion recognition via motor mimicry Source of empathy Emotional contagion

30 Synchronisation the two tenors Rossini La danza Ramon Vargas Rolando Villazon

31 La Danza/Vargas

32 La Danza/Villazon

33 ANVIL Annotation

34 Resultats Tenors Spontaneity mean Tenor Dynamic Tenor Static 0 AV V A Condition Mortillaro, M., Mehu, M., & Scherer, K. R. (in press).the Evolutionary Origin of Multimodal Synchronisation and Emotional Expression. In: E. Altenmüller, S. Schmidt, & E. Zimmermann (Eds.). Evolution of Emotional Communication: From Sounds in Nonhuman Mammals to Speech and Music in Man. Oxford University Press.

35 RS+CF RS CF Full Charisma and persuasion

36 Facial and vocal recognition accuracy: The Emotion Recognition Index (ERI) Accuracy data Facial Vocal N = 1272 Facial Anger Facial Joy Facial Disgust 1272 N = 1355 Vocal Sadness Vocal Anger Vocal Neutral 1355 Facial Fear Facial Sadness Facial Total Vocal Fear Vocal Joy Vocal Total

37 Correlation between facial and vocal recognition accuracy r=.24, p <.001 if controlled for cognitive capacity: r=.14, p < Vocal Total

38 The Multimodal Emotion Recognition Test (MERT) Bänziger, T., Grandjean, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2009). Emotion recognition from expressions in face, voice, and body: The multimodal emotion recognition test (MERT). Emotion, 9(5),

39 Inter-mode correlations

40 Individual differences

41 Correlations between other ratings and selected CAPP instruments CAPP instrument scores Emotional Stability Power/ Achievement Other Ratings Flexibility/ Creativity Social interaction competence Leader/ Entrepreneurship Self-assurance/Emotional stability Extraversion/Excitement seeking Verbal creativity Sadness Serenity Shame/Guilt Stress resilience Ability to recognize vocal expression Bodily needs Intellectual needs Honor/Morality

42 Conclusion If one wants to define and assess Emotional Competence in terms of the functions that emotions fulfill both on the individual and the social level it is compulsory to develop a battery of assessment instruments that: cover all components of emotion and in consequence of EC avoid self-report of dispositional characteristics, abilities, and typical behaviors whenever possible (contrary to the bulk of questionnaire-type EI instruments) sample the different abilities, competences, and skills for each component in a more representative manner and greater face-validity than is the case for other competence tests (e.g., the MSCEIT) allow to diagnose both EC deficits (e.g., in emotional disturbance) and differential performance levels

43 Competence Competence Criteria for emotion competence 3 2 The Aristotelian model - Appropiateness 1 Disorder A 0-1 Fits trait: Anger disposition Incompetence A Competence Too little Just right-2 Too much -3 3 The GaltonianN = model Ability 1352 Sadness The more the better 2 Contempt 1 Anger disposition Anger Fear Serenity Worry Fits skill: 0 Recognition Recognition accuracy N = Shame Incompetence B Disorder B Guilt Continuously increasing competence 1352 Disorder B

44 Galtonian skill acquisition Expert Performance Its Structure and Acquisition K. Anders Ericsson and Neil Chamess American Psychologist, 1994 Counter to the common belief that expert performance reflects innate abilities and capacities, recent research in different domains of expertise has shown that expert performance is predominantly mediated by acquired complex skills and physiological adaptations. For elite performers, supervised practice starts at very young ages and is maintained at high daily levels for more than a decade. The effects of extended deliberate practice are more far-reaching than is commonly believed. Performers can acquire skills that circumvent basic limits on working memory capacity and sequential processing. Deliberate practice can also lead to anatomical changes resulting from adaptations to intense physical activity. The study of expert performance has important implications for our understanding of the structure and limits of human adaptation and optimal learning.

45 Determinants of emotional disorders Since the emotion process is driven by cognitive appraisal, cognitive deficits (e.g., disorders of attention, association, or memory) or appraisal biases (e.g., causal attribution or coping beliefs) can produce unrealistic evaluation of consequences. The emotional reactions resulting from such a pathological appraisal process are considered inappropriate by the person s environment and emotional disorder is diagnosed. Malfunctioning of the normal process of emotional regulation can also lead to emotional disorder. In particular, deficits in response modulation can 1) disrupt emotion processing and behavioral adaptation, 2) diminish the decoupling function of emotion and affect the development of associative networks (learning), and 3) interfere with the ability for internal representation.

46 Diagnosis and therapy As the temporal evolution of the appraisal-driven emotion process immediately affects both autonomic and somatic parameters, the readout available through facial, vocal, and bodily expression provides valuable cues for the diagnosis of the type of underlying emotional disorder and for the monitoring of therapeutic progress. While the notion of changing dysfunctional cognitive processes is an established practice in cognitive therapy (e.g., Beck), the conceptualization of appraisal disorders and the focused assessment of cognitive deficits and biases can help to elucidate underlying determinants and process and help to fine-tune therapeutic procedures. The diagnosis of different sources of the malfunctioning of emotion regulation can inform the development of new types of interventions.

47 Thank you for your attention! Neural Network #1