Emotion October 16th, 2009 : Lecture 11

Transcription

1 Lecture Overview October 16th, 2009 : Lecture 11 Finishing up Groups s Jury Decision Making Jury Decision Making Group Polarization and Group Think Group Decision Making and Juries Value of Unanimity 12 person versus 6 person juries Across 200 jury trials, 97% of juries ended with the decision favoured by majority on the initial vote Called Predeliberation Errors Cascade Effect! Judgements of initial speakers shape successors, who do not disclose what they know or think

2 Unanimous Decisions Requirement of Unanimity forces group to be extra cohesive Group Think is amplified HOWEVER, lack of unanimity requirement increases rates of guilty verdicts Just World Hypothesis applied to a defendent Predeliberation errors are biased toward belief of defendant's guilt Jury Composition How many people are ideal? 6-person vs. 12-person juries 6 person juries convict more often 12-person juries acquit or are hung more often 12-person juries are more likely to have a dissenter Leadership Who Should Lead? Anyone, really Great Person Theory big bust Who Should Lead? Who Does Lead? Effective leadership uncorrelated with personality One trait stands out: Integrative Complexity! The ability to simultaneously hold, consider, and integrate multiple perspectives on an issue

3 Who Does Lead? All the same, (relative to nonleaders) leaders tend to be: More intelligent Socially skilled, charismatic Driven by power Adaptive and flexible Confident in their leadership abilities Trait dominance Definitions: What is an emotion? How do we measure emotions? Components: What makes up emotions? Are emotions functional? Are emotions Universal? What is an? What is NOT an? Moods are not emotions! a brief physiological and psychological response to an event that is felt subjectively and prepares a person for action Sentiments are not emotions Personality traits are not emotions Arousal (e.g., sleepiness) is not strictly an emotion

4 Why Not Mood? Classes of s Moods are Diffuse Don t need to have an eliciting cause Don t need to have a target Moods may not call for an action Moods persist over time 6 Basic s Complex s Positive s Self-conscious Basic s Complex s 1. Fear 2. Anger 3. Disgust 4. Sadness 5. Happiness 6. Surprise! Blends of Basic s Most Studied examples Positive s Self-conscious s

5 Positive s! Positively-valenced emotions (mostly complex) Most Studied Examples: Gratitude Contentment Amusement Desire Love (contested) Self-Conscious s! Complex emotions elicited by the self Most studied examples: Pride Shame Guilt Embarrassment Measuring s Facial Action Muscles Frontalis Currogator Supercilii Self-report Facial EMG Facial Action Coding System (FACS) Levator Labii Orbicularis Oris risoris Nasalis Orbicularis Oculi Masseter Buccinator Mentalis Depressor Labii Depressor Angulis Oris

6 Do Facial Muscles Yield al Displays? Basic Displays Electromyography (EMG) Captures subtle facial movements Best used for situations where facial movement is not visually detectable Obtrusive measurement technique Facial Action Coding System (FACS) Codes overt facial expressions Numbers all Facial muscle actions Classifies emotions as patterns of muscle Actions that occur together E.G., Anger: 4, 5, 7, 23

7 Components of A More Complex Definition of Temporal: Short-lived Physiological Cognitive Behavioural An emotion is a universal, functional reaction to an external stimulus event, temporarily integrating physiological, cognitive, phenomenological, and behavioural channels to facilitate a fitness-enhancing, environment-shaping response to a current situation. --Keltner & Shiota (2003), p.89 Temporal Component Physiological Component An emotion is a universal, functional reaction to an external stimulus event, temporarily integrating physiological, cognitive, phenomenological, and behavioural channels to facilitate a fitness-enhancing, environment-shaping response to a current situation. --Keltner & Shiota (2003), p.89 An emotion is a universal, functional reaction to an external stimulus event, temporarily integrating physiological, cognitive, phenomenological, and behavioural channels to facilitate a fitness-enhancing, environment-shaping response to a current situation. --Keltner & Shiota (2003), p.89

8 Physiology and s in Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System Proper inference Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems E.g., Heart rate, skin conductance, preejection period, finger temperature Indicate degree of arousal s in Central Nervous System Physiology and : Proper Inference Limbic System Amygdala: Fear and Anger Hippocampus: Laughter Frontal Cortex Physiological profiles & locations help us understand arousal, intensity & possible circuits s cannot be identified by examining physiological states Everything else

9 James-Lange Theory of James-Lange Theory Specific bodily (physio) response tells us what emotion we are feeling Bodily response is specific Event Specific Bodily Response Subjective James-Lange Theory James-Lange Theory Perception of Event : See a Bear Perception of Event : See a Bear Bodily Expression: Sweat, Increased HR, RUN!

10 James-Lange Theory Perception of Event: See a Bear Bodily Expression: Sweat, Increased HR, RUN! Subjective Experience: Become Afraid I m Scared! Feedback to the System Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen (1990) Method: 1. Tell participants to pose face in certain ways Directed Facial Action Task 2. Ask them what expression they are demonstrating 3. Measure physiological responses Directed Facial Action Task Feedback to the System Pull eyebrows down and together Raise your upper eyelid Push your lower lip up and press your lips together. Results: Participants were able to identify emotions from instructions Reliable physio profiles

11 Cognitive Component An emotion is a universal, functional reaction to an external stimulus event, temporarily integrating physiological, cognitive, phenomenological, and behavioural channels to facilitate a fitness-enhancing, environment-shaping response to a current situation. --Keltner & Shiota (2003), p.89 Cognitive Appraisals The MEANING of an event affects our emotional response to it Ex: Getting Punched He meant to do it and he meant it to hurt! ANGER He meant to do it, but was joking around! AMUSEMENT Key Appraisals for Eliciting Self-relevance Goal congruence Blame & Responsibility Two-Factor Theory of 1.Physiological arousal is generalized, not specific 2.We apply a label to the arousal based on cognitive appraisal Certainty Coping Ability Event General Arousal + Appraisal

12 Two-Factor Theory of 1. My heart is pounding! Something s happening! 2. Bears are dangerous. I m Scared! Two-Factor Theory of Schacter & Singer (1964) Method: 1. Give people Heart-rate Increasing Pill or Placebo 2. Have them complete a survey with very personal questions 3. An actor gets angry at the questionnaire 4. What does the participant do? Two-Factor Theory of Two-Factor Theory of Love Schacter & Singer (1964) Results: Aroused participants expressed greater anger than the actor Non-aroused participants didn t get angry Builds on Schachter & Singer s 2-factor theory of emotion Romantic attraction = Unexplained arousal + attribution of that arousal to romantic partner

13 The Bridge Study Dutton & Aron (1974) Method: 1. Males crossed rickety or solid bridge The Bridge Study Dutton & Aron (1974) Results: How Many Participants Called? 2. Approached by attractive female experimenter 3. At end of study, gave them her phone number They could call if they had questions Percent Who Called her Solid Bridge Rickety Bridge Arousal Group James-Lange vs. 2-Factor J-L says specific emotions are distinct and real 2-Factor says specific emotions are an illusion of appraisal In your opinion, which One is Right? A.James-Lange B.2-Factor Theory Behaviour An emotion is a universal, functional reaction to an external stimulus event, temporarily integrating physiological, cognitive, phenomenological, and behavioural channels to facilitate a fitness-enhancing, environment-shaping response to a current situation. --Keltner & Shiota (2003), p.89

14 Behavioural Channels 1 Facial Display Body Posture Vocal Tone Touch Action! 2 3

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19 20 Body Posture A B Action! s have Action Tendencies Mostly Approach or Avoidance E.g., Anger! Approach Fear! avoid Disgust! avoid Happiness! Approach A More Complex Definition of An emotion is a universal, functional reaction to an external stimulus event, temporarily integrating physiological, cognitive, phenomenological, and behavioural channels to facilitate a fitness-enhancing, environment-shaping response to a current situation. --Keltner & Shiota (2003), p.89 This is the Functional service of emotions

20 Darwin (1872), The Expression of in Man and Animals Expression in Animals s are Adaptations Solve problems of survival, reproduction, raising young Expression evolved before language Continuity between species Universality within species Expression in Humans Is Expression Universal? Ekman & Friesen (1972): New Guinean Pre-literate Villagers 3 Methods: Standard Method: Here s a photo; what is the emotion? (6 options) Dashiel Method: Told a story, then Which photo matches (3 options) Posed Method: Told a Story, then YOU Pose the emotion that the protagonist would be feeling. Photos shown to US undergrads, who rated them with the standard method

21 Is Expression Universal? Is Expression Universal? Ekman & Friesen (1974) Results : % Correct Standard Dashiel Posed Happy Fear Anger Disgust Surprise Sadness 82% 92 % 73 % 54 % 88 % 18 % 56 % 90 % 51 % 29 % 85 % 46 % 38 % 98 % 27 % 55 % 81 % 28 % Note: Chance is 16% for standard and posed, and 33% for Dashiel Is Universal? Prototypical expression of emotion appear to be universally recognizable and producible However, cultural display rules apply Influence how, when and to whom emotions are expressed Situational context Relational context Intensity Culturally-Specific s? Some argue emotions as culturally constructed and specific Examples: Japanese amae - pleasant feeling of depending on someone else German schadenfreude- pleasure derived from the misfortune of others Bedouin hasham pleasant feeling of humility

22 Your heart Is In Your Head Next Lecture (10/21): Morality Related Websites: Paul Ekman & Lie to Me Site: Facial EMG In-Depth Resource: Expression of in Man and Animals (Darwin, 1872) on Project Gutenberg (Full Text Free Online):