Contents. Historical Perspectives and Foundations. Acknowledgments. List of Figures List of Tables

Transcription

1 Contents Dedication Acknowledgments Foreword Preface List of Figures List of Tables xiii xv xvii xix xxiii xxv SECTION 1 Historical Perspectives and Foundations 1 Overview of the Expressive Therapies Continuum 3 Introduction 3 Expressive Therapies Continuum at First Glance 4 A Developmental Hierarchy 9 Kinesthetic/Sensory Level 9 Perceptual/Affective Level 10 The Cognitive/Symbolic Level 11 The Creative Level 12 A Reverse Developmental Hierarchy 13 Using the Expressive Therapies Continuum in Therapy 13 The ETC Components at Work: The Example of the Scribble Chase 15 The Expressive Therapies Continuum as a Foundational Theory 17 Unifying the Field of Art Therapy 18 The Rest of the Book 18 2 History and Evolution of the Expressive Therapies Continuum 21 Introduction 21 The Grandmother of the Expressive Therapies Continuum: Florence Cane 22

2 vi Contents The Mother of Art Therapy: Margaret Naumburg 24 Art as Therapy: Edith Kramer 25 Creating Order out of Chaos: Elinor Ulman 26 The Value of Creative Learning: Viktor Lowenfeld 26 The Phenomenology of Expression: Mala Betensky 27 The Role of Gestalt Art Therapy: Janie Rhyne 28 The Developmental Aspects of Image and Thought: Mardi Horowitz 29 The Effects of Media Properties and Task Instructions 30 Media Properties 32 Boundaries, Mediators, and Reflective Distance 33 Task Complexity and Task Structure 33 Summary 35 SECTION 2 Characteristics of the Expressive Therapies Continuum and Its Components 3 Kinesthetic Component of the Expressive Therapies Continuum 39 Introduction to the Kinesthetic Component 39 Developmental Hierarchy 40 Healing Dimension of the Kinesthetic Component 41 Examples of Kinesthetic Experiences 42 Media Experiences That Enhance Kinesthetic Functioning 43 Reflective Distance With the Kinesthetic Component 44 Questions and Discussion That Promote Kinesthetic Functioning 44 Emergent Function of the Kinesthetic Component 45 When Work on the Kinesthetic Component Is Indicated 46 Overcoming Blocks to the Use of Kinesthetic Functioning 46 Balancing Overuse of Kinesthetic Information Processing 47 Case Example 49 Introduction 49 Kinesthetic Activities 50 Kinesthetic to Perceptual Functioning 51 Perceptual Functioning 52 Perceptual to Affective Functioning 53 Cognitive Functioning 53

3 Contents Cognitive to Symbolic Functioning Symbolic Functioning Reinforcing Cognitive Functioning Conclusion Summary Sensory Component of the Expressive Therapies Continuum Introduction to the Sensory Component Developmental Hierarchy Healing Dimension of the Sensory Component Examples of Sensory Experiences Media Experiences That Enhance Sensory Functioning Reflective Distance With the Sensory Component Questions and Discussion That Promote Sensory Information Processing Emergent Function of the Sensory Component When Work With the Sensory Component Is Indicated Overcoming Blocks to Sensory Functioning Balancing Excessive Sensory Information Processing Case Example Introduction Cognitive Functioning Movement to the Sensory Component Movement From Sensory to Perceptual/Affective Level Conclusion Summary Perceptual Component of the Expressive Therapies Continuum Introduction to the Perceptual Component Developmental Hierarchy The Importance of Good Gestalts Healing Function of the Perceptual Component Examples of Perceptual Experiences Media Experiences That Enhance Perceptual Functioning Reflective Distance With the Perceptual Component Questions and Discussion That Promote Perceptual Information Processing 86

4 /iii Contents Emergent Function of the Perceptual Component 87 When Work With the Perceptual Component Is Indicated 88 Overcoming Blocks to Perceptual Functioning 90 Balancing Excessive Perceptual Functioning 91 Case Example 92 Introduction 92 Assessment of Functional Level 93 Functioning With the Perceptual Component 96 Movement to the Cognitive/Symbolic Level 97 Alternating Between the Perceptual and Cognitive Levels 97 Summary 98 6 Affective Component of the Expressive Therapies Continuum 101 Introduction to the Affective Component 101 Developmental Hierarchy 103 Healing Function of the Affective Component 104 Examples of Affective Experiences 105 Media Experiences That Enhance Affective Functioning 106 Reflective Distance With the Affective Component 108 Questions and Discussion That Promote Affective Information Processing 109 Emergent Function of the Affective Component 110 Overcoming Blocks to Affective Information Processing 111 Balancing Overuse of Affective Functioning 114 Case Example 116 Introduction 116 Assessment of Functional Level 116 Beginning at the Cognitive Level 117 Affective Responding 118 Summary Cognitive Component of the Expressive Therapies Continuum 123 Introduction to the Cognitive Component 123 Developmental Hierarchy 124 Healing Function of the Cognitive Component 125 Examples of Cognitive Experiences 127

5 Contents ix Media Experiences to Enhance Cognitive Functioning 130 Reflective Distance With the Cognitive Component 130 Questions and Discussion That Promote Cognitive Information Processing 132 Emergent Function of the Cognitive Component 133 Overcoming Blocks to Cognitive Functioning 136 Balancing Overuse of Cognitive Functioning 137 Case Example Introduction Assessment of Functional Level Beginning With the Cognitive Component Introduction to the Affective Component Further Movement to the Affective Component Functioning With the Affective Component Summary 141 Symbolic Component of the Expressive Therapies Continuum 145 Introduction to the Symbolic Component 145 Developmental Hierarchy 146 Healing Function of the Symbolic Component 147 Examples of Symbolic Experiences 148 Media Experiences to Enhance Symbolic Functioning 153 Reflective Distance With the Symbolic Component 155 Questions and Discussion That Promote Symbolic Information Processing 156 Emergent Function of the Symbolic Component 157 Overcoming Blocks to Symbolic Functioning 158 Balancing Overuse of Symbolic Functioning 160 Case Example 162 Introduction 162 Assessment of Functional Level 162 Formulation of Therapeutic Coals 164 Beginning With the Cognitive Component 164 Movement to the Symbolic Component 164 Including the Affective Component 165 Summary 165

6 x Contents 9 Creative Level of the Expressive Therapies Continuum 169 Introduction to the Creative Level 169 Developmental Hierarchy 170 Healing Function of the Creative Level 171 Media and Experiences to Enhance Creative Functioning 173 Reflective Distance With the Creative Level 176 Questions and Discussion That Promote Creative Information Processing 176 Emergent Function of the Creative Level 177 Overcoming Blocks to Creative Functioning 177 Understanding and Supporting Creative Functioning 180 Case Example 182 Introduction 182 Kinesthetic/Sensory Level 183 Perceptual/Affective Level 183 Cognitive/Symbolic Level 183 Creative Level 184 Summary 185 SECTION 3 Assessment and Clinical Applications 10 Assessment Within the Structure of the Expressive Therapies Continuum 191 Introduction to Art-Based Assessment 191 Assessment With the Expressive Therapies Continuum 193 Assessment of Client Functional Level on the Expressive Therapies Continuum 194 Information Gathered From Assessment Tasks 195 Preferred Medium 196 Media Properties and Strength of Preference 197 Risk Taking 198 Manner of Interaction With Media to Process Information and Form Images 198 Responses to Boundaries and Limits 199 Commitment and Frustration Tolerance 199 Level of Energy 200 Coping Skills 200 Stylistic or Expressive Elements of the Final Art Product 201 Developmental Level 201

7 Contents Line and Form Quality Use of Space Color Use Organic Indicators Content and Symbolism Organizing Functions Verbal Communication Quality of Verbal Comments Rate and Volume of Speech Logic Displayed Case Example 212 Summary 2'\ z 11 Individual Interventions 21/ Introduction to Therapeutic Intervention With the Expressive Therapies Continuum 21/ Formulating Treatment Coals Within the Framework of the Expressive Therapies Continuum Determining a Starting Place for Therapy Establishing a Client-Therapist Partnership 21 C 21 c 22C Conceptualizing Treatment Guided by the Expressive Therapies Continuum Initiating Art-Based Treatment Making Planned Therapeutic Changes Media Properties Task Complexity Questions and Discussion Negotiating Unplanned Changes Avoiding Nontherapeutic Movement Facilitating Termination Managing Resistance to the Use of Art in Therapy Working Through Therapeutic Obstacles Transference and Countertransference Issues Unique to the Expressive Therapies Continuum Summary 12 Couples, Families, and Groups Introduction Conducting Group Therapy in the Expressive Therapies Continuum Framework Kinesthetic/Sensory Level Perceptual/Affective Level

8 xii Contents Cognitive/Symbolic Level 247 Individualizing Group Art Therapy Using the Expressive Therapies Continuum 248 Termination of Group Art Therapy 250 The Expressive Therapies Continuum in Couples and Family Therapy 251 Kinesthetic/Sensory Level 252 Perceptual/Affective Level 253 Cognitive/Symbolic Level 257 Creative Level 258 Termination of Couples and Family Therapy 259 Summary 260 Epilogue 263 References 267 Index 285