Contents. Acknowledgments

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Bertina Bradford
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1 Contents Preface Acknowledgments xiii xv 1. Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Definitions 3 Goals of Research 6 Exploration 7 Description 8 Prediction 9 Explanation 9 Action 10 Evaluation of Research 12 Who How 18 Conducting a Research Review 18 Choosing a Topic 19 Operationalization 20 Finding Research 23 Published Sources 24 Topics 25 Dane, Francis C. Evaluating research 2011 digitalisiert durch: IDS Luzern

2 Key Authors 26 Key Studies 27 Unpublished Studies Exercises The Scientific Approach 31 Introduction 32 A Philosophy of Science 32 When Is True? 33 How Can Which Theory Is Better? 36 How Can We Put What We Know Practice? Why Do We Do the Way We Do? 39 Science and Nonscience 41 Observation 41 Logical Analysis 42 Research Reports 43 Definitive Studies Ethics of Research 46 Ethical Principles of Research 47 Summary Exercises 3. Reading a Research Report 59 Introduction 59 Research Report Organization Introduction 63 The Method Section 66 The Results Section 69 Conclusions 73 Other Sections 75 Summary 76 Exercises Conceptual Overview of Statistical Analyses 79 Introduction 80 Exploratory Research 81 Appropriate Questions for Exploratory Research Appropriate Statistics for Exploratory Research 81

3 Descriptive Research 85 Appropriate for Descriptive Research 85 Appropriate Statistics for Descriptive Research 85 Predictive Research 96 Appropriate Questions for Predictive Research 97 Prerequisites for Predictive Research 98 Statistics for Predictive Research 98 Explanatory Research 101 Appropriate Questions for Explanatory Research 101 Appropriate Statistics for Explanatory Research 102 Summary 102 Exercises Introduction 106 Sampling Distributions The Population 109 Random Selection 110 Standard Error Confidence Intervals 113 Sample Size Probability Sampling 116 Simple Random Sampling 116 Systematic Random Sampling 116 Stratified Random Sampling Cluster Sampling 118 Nonprobability Sampling 121 Accidental Sampling 121 Sampling 122 Quota Sampling 123 Representative Samples 124 Summary 125 Exercises Introduction 128 Dimensionality 129 Measurement Levels 129 Nominal Measurement 129 Ordinal Measurement 131

4 Interval Measurement Ratio Measurement 133 Reliability 134 Interrater Reliability 135 Test-Retest Reliability 136 Reliability 136 Reliability 137 Reliability 138 Validity 140 Face Validity 140 Concurrent Validity 141 Predictive Validity 141 Construct Validity 142 Epistemic Correlation 144 Scaling 145 Common Aspects of Scales 146 Formats for Scale 148 es of Scales Summary 157 Exercises Research 161 Introduction 161 Causal Analysis in Experimental Research Temporal Priority Control Over Variables 163 Random Assignment 165 Demonstration Versus Demography Alternative Explanations for Research Results 167 History Effects 167 Maturation Effects 168 Testing Effects 169 Instrumentation Effects Statistical Regression Effects \1\ Selection Effects 173 Mortality Effects Participant Blas Experimenter Blas

5 Experimental Design 178 The Basic Design 180 The Basic Pretest Design 181 The Solomon Four-Group Design 183 Factorial Design 185 Repeated Measures Design 189 Participant Characteristics 192 Demonstration Versus Demography Again Summary 194 Exercises Research 197 Introduction 197 Time-Series Designs Interrupted Time-Series Design 200 Multiple Time-Series Design 203 Regression-Discontinuity Designs 204 Nonequivalent Groups Basic Pretest Designs Single-Participant Designs 209 Case Study Design 209 Baseline Design 210 Withdrawal Design 212 Data Analyses 213 Summary 213 Exercises Survey Research 217 Introduction 218 Survey Content 220 Survey Instruments 222 Survey Topics 223 Survey Instructions 224 Survey Formats Arrangement of Survey 226 Pretesting Survey Instruments 227 Administering Surveys 228 Face-to-Face Interviews 229

6 Telephone Interviews 231 Mail Surveys 233 Comparisons Administration Methods 234 Mixed-Method Surveys 235 Data Analysis in Survey Research 237 Description 237 Association 239 Elaboration 240 Summary 245 Exercises Research 247 Introduction 247 Validity of Field Research 249 Internal Validity 250 Validity 251 Intrusion in Field Research 251 Intrusion Observations of Behaviors 251 Intrusiveness of Settings 252 Intrusiveness of Treatments 252 Systematic Observation in Field Research 253 Selecting Events 253 Events 256 Coding Events 257 Interpreting Events 258 Sources of Error 259 Validity 261 Participant Observation 261 Levels of Participation 261 Selecting Settings 263 Recording Observations 264 Coding Observations 266 Interpreting Observations 266 Data Analyses 267 Description Report Reading 268 Summary 270 Exercises 271

7 Archival Research 273 Introduction 273 Content Analysis 275 Source of Messages 276 Says Content of Messages 278 To Audience of Messages 279 Techniques in Messages 280 With What Effect of Messages 281 Reasons for Communications 282 Methodological Issues in Content Analysis 282 Quantification in Content Analysis 285 Existing Data Analysis Applications of Existing Data Analysis 289 Methodological Issues in Existing Data Analysis 293 Summary 295 Exercises Evaluation Research 297 Introduction 298 Summative and Formative Evaluation 299 Consumers of Evaluation Research 300 The Hartford Project: An Example of Evaluation Research 300 Operationalization 300 Similarity to Basic Research 301 The Problem 301 The Program 302 The Questions 303 The Measures 304 Measures 306 The Results 306 The Controversy Over the Use of Experiments in Evaluation Research 307 Difficulties With Experiments in Evaluation Research 307 Qualitative Information in Evaluation Research 308 Innovation in Evaluation Research 309 Ethics in Evaluation Research Ethical Considerations in Evaluation Research Formulation and Negotiation Structure and Design 312

8 Data Collection and Preparation 312 Data Analysis and Interpretation Communication and Disclosure 313 Results 314 Summary 314 Exercises 315 Epilogue 317 Glossary 319 References 339 Author Index 353 Subject Index About the Author 371

Research Methods. for Business. A Skill'Building Approach SEVENTH EDITION. Uma Sekaran. and. Roger Bougie

Research Methods. for Business. A Skill'Building Approach SEVENTH EDITION. Uma Sekaran. and. Roger Bougie Research Methods for Business A Skill'Building Approach SEVENTH EDITION Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie WILEY CONTENTS About the Authors Preface Acknowledgments xix xxi xxiii 1 Introduction to research 1