UNIT 1: SOCIAL, BIOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. A.M. TUESDAY, 18 May hours

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1 Candidate Name Centre Number 0 Candidate Number New GCSE 4431/01 PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 1: SOCIAL, BIOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY A.M. TUESDAY, 18 May hours For s use INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Question Maximum Mark 1 10 Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page. Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet Total Mark Awarded INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question or part-question. You are reminded that assessment will take into account the Quality of Written Communication used in answers that involve extended writing (questions 6(c), and 7(e)). VP*(S )

2 2 Answer all questions. 1. This is the skull of Phineas Gage and the tamping iron that travelled through his brain. The study that followed Phineas Gage s accident showed how the frontal lobe of the brain is linked to personality. Courtesy, Woburn Public Library, Woburn MA. Image of the skull of Phineas Gage and the tamping iron that travelled through his brain. S. Webster Wyman (a) Draw four (4) lines to link the part of the brain with its correct function. [4] Hypothalamus Releases hormones Pituitary gland Controls sleep, thirst and hunger Occipital lobe of cerebrum Hearing and understanding speech Parietal lobe of cerebrum Movement and co-ordination Vision

3 3 (b) Explain the function of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum. [2] (c) Explain one modern scanning technique used by psychologists to study the brain. [4] (Total 10) Turn over.

4 4 2. Konrad Lorenz during his study with geese. Bellarmine University Comparative Encounter Period Imprinting Humans Behaviourist Attachments (a) Use the words in the box above to complete the paragraph below. [4] Konrad Lorenz studied how geese formed.... He showed that the geese would treat a human as a parent if they were introduced in a critical... after hatching. Lorenz called this.... Lorenz studied animal behaviour, a branch of psychology known as... psychology.

5 5 (b) Discuss one ethical issue of using animals in psychological research. [4] (c) Explain the advantages of using animals in psychological research. [6] (Total 14) Turn over.

6 6 3. Watson and Rayner s (1920) study looked at classical conditioning. (a) Using the terms neutral, conditioned and unconditioned complete the boxes in the questions that follow. [5] (i) At the start of the study Neutral STIMULUS Rat No response (ii) During the study + Unconditioned STIMULUS STIMULUS Rat Loud noise Fear response (iii) At the end of the study, after many trials STIMULUS Rat Fear response

7 7 (b) Briefly explain how operant conditioning could be used to teach a puppy to sit on command. [3] (Total 8) Turn over.

8 8 4. This is an example of a card used in Asch s (1951) line judgement study into conformity. Standard line Comparison lines In each experimental condition Asch used several confederates and one naive participant. In the first three trials all the confederates gave the same correct answer. In the fourth trial all the confederates gave the same incorrect answer. (a) Look at the card above. Use the numbers 1, 2 or 3 to answer the following questions. (i) In the first trial, which comparison line would the confederates say was the same as the standard line? [1]... (ii) In the fourth trial, which comparison line could the confederates say was the same as the standard line? [1]...

9 9 (b) Asch repeated his experiment a number of times, using a total of a 123 participants. Describe the findings of Asch s line judgement study. [4] (Total 6) Turn over.

10 10 5. The table below represents Holmes and Rahe s Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) for calculating L.C.U. Life Event L.C.U. Death of Spouse 100 Divorce 73 Jail term 63 Death of close family member 63 Personal injury or illness 53 Marriage 50 Fired at work 47 Pregnancy 40 Change to different line of work 36 Trouble with boss 23 (a) What do the letters L.C.U. mean? [1]... (b) Use the table above and the information on the case studies below to answer the questions that follow. Case study 1. Andy During the last two years Andy had many arguments with his boss. Matters got so bad that he decided to change his line of work. Case study 2. Becky Having lost her father at the beginning of the year, Becky is now rebuilding her life. She married her long-term boyfriend. (i) Identify Andy s L.C.U. scores. [2] (ii) Identify Becky s L.C.U. scores. [2] (iii) Would Andy or Becky be the most likely to become ill in the next 6 months? [1]...

11 11 (c) Name two illnesses that have been linked to stress. [2] (i)... (ii)... (d) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of research into links between stress and illness. (i) Advantage [2] (ii) Disadvantage [2] (Total 12) Turn over.

12 12 6. Our goal is to have a country that s not divided by race BARACK OBAMA, Larry King Live, Oct. 19, 2006 Racism is one form of discrimination. (a) State what is meant by the following terms: (i) Sexism [2] (ii) Ageism [2] (iii) Homophobia [2] (b) Elliott (1977) conducted a study into the causes of prejudice. Explain the procedures of this study. [5]

13 13 (c) Explain ways of overcoming prejudice. [6] (Total 17) Turn over.

14 14 7. John claimed to be telepathic. Psychologists set up the following study to test John s claims. They used 5 cards, each with a different number. John had to try and use telepathy to state which card someone in a different room was holding. The procedure was repeated several times. The findings are shown below John s accuracy (%) Cards used (a) Use the information above to answer the following questions: (i) What was John s percentage (%) accuracy on card 4?... [1] (ii) Identify the number of the card where John had the highest accuracy. [1]... (b) Briefly explain why these findings do not support John s claims of being telepathic. [2] (c) State what is meant by the term E.S.P. [1] (d) Another form of E.S.P. is psychokinesis. Define the term psychokinesis. [2]

15 15 (e) Discuss the arguments in favour of E.S.P. [6] (Total 13)