8/31/ Chapter 2 Tutorial OBJECTIVE #12. A Comparison. Correlational Designs Any relationship between variables

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1 Chapter 2 Tutorial Differentiating Research Strategies 1 Differentiate between correlational and experimental research strategies OBJECTIVE #12 2 A Comparison Experimental Research Cause and effect relationship Intentional manipulation Covariation! Time precedence! Correlational Designs Any relationship between variables Diverse methods Interview Survey Checklist Observational No other explanation! 3 1

2 Discuss the role of the independent and dependent variables, and conditions in the experimental research strategy. OBJECTIVE #13 4 Basic Experimental Design Experimental Group(s) Control Group Independent Variable Dependent Variable 5 Experimental Example 1 Methods: Participants in this study took a bogus intelligence test, after which some were told that they had done poorly and others were told that they had done well. All participants completed a self-esteem measure. Then the candidates evaluated either an Italian or Jewish job candidate. Identify the components of this experiment (Fein and Spencer, 1997), p

3 Experimental Group(s) Control Group Independent Variable Dependent Variable 7 Results Experimental Example 1 Results: Participants in the self-esteem threat condition made more negative ratings of the Jewish candidate than in the Italian candidate; participants in the no threat condition rated both candidates equally highly. (Fein and Spencer, 1997), p Experimental Example 2 Methods: Research participants gave their impressions of a young woman who was portrayed, through photographs and information in a fact sheet, as overweight. The fact sheet told some participants that the woman s overweight was due to a medical condition; the fact sheet read by other participants provided no cause for the overweight, implying that it was due to overeating. A third group of participants rated an average weight woman. Identify the components of this experiment (Dejong, 1980), p

4 Experimental Group Control Group Independent Variable Dependent Variable 10 Results Experimental Example 2 Results: The woman who was overweight due to a medical condition was rated more favorably than the overweight woman without a medical condition and equally favorably as the average-weight woman. (Dejong, 1980), p Read and Annotate Critical Thinking Activity 3 Who? What? How? 2 Results 1 - Conclusion 12 4

Identify the strengths and weaknesses of ethnographic studies and content analysis Objective #14 Objective #16 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of using self-report, unobtrusive, physiological,

5 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of ethnographic studies and content analysis Objective #14 Objective #16 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of using self-report, unobtrusive, physiological, and cognitive measures in the research process 13 Research Experts Worksheet You have 5 minutes to become an expert on your assigned research strategy, including strengths and limitations: 1. Self-Report 2. Unobtrusive measures 3. Physiological measures 4. Cognitive measures 5. Ethnographic Studies 6. Content Analysis 14 Small Groups Roles 1. Leader 2. Note taker 3. Speaker Critical Thinking Activity Summary of article to share with the class. Identify the research strategy used: Survey, Experiment, Content analysis, etc. Identify strengths and weaknesses of research 15 5

6 Research Quiz 16 Which research strategy measure controllable beliefs, prejudices, or behaviors? measure uncontrollable beliefs, prejudices, or behaviors? are high in naturalism? are higher in generalizability? are more expensive and timely to conduct? allow researchers to conclude cause-and-effect? study objects, art, and media (not people)? gather qualitative information? [click] [click] [click] [click] [click] [click] [click] [click] 17 Other Research Issues 18 6

7 Research Issues 1. Which sample is easier to get? probability or convenience? 2. Why is reliability important? 3. What does it mean if something is valid? 4. Why is it important to use multiple measures? [click] [click] [click] [click] 19 Objective #17 Explain 4 reasons why multiple measures are used to study prejudice 20 Multiple Measures 1. Strengths and weaknesses 2. Stereotypes, prejudice, and behavior 3. Conscious and unconscious processes 4. Prejudice does not always lead to discrimination [Click] 21 7

8 References Jones, M. (2002). The Psychology of Prejudice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Whitley, B. and Kite, M. (2010). The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination (2 ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 22 8

Defining Psychology Behaviorism: Social Psychology: Milgram s Obedience Studies Bystander Non-intervention Cognitive Psychology:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Defining Psychology Behaviorism: The scientific study of how rewards and punishment in the environment affect human and non-human behavior Empirical approach: vary contingencies of