10/20/15. + Psychological Type Theory. Enhancing the Therapeutic Relationship with The Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI )

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1 Kathleen Kutsko Ohio University Yegan Pillay Ohio University Roxanne DuVivier Wright State University Enhancing the Therapeutic Relationship with The Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI ) Psychological Type Theory n Introduced by Carl Gustav Jung ( ) n Psychological Type published in 1921 n Individuals alternate between taking in information and making decisions n Internal worlds of the mind n External worlds of people, places, & things n Orientation to the world is a fundamental aspect of personality n Inborn tendencies to use the mind in one world or another (Dumont, 2010; Myers, Myers, & Kirby, 2011; Myers & Myers,1980) Psychological Type Theory n Jung theorized that there are four principal psychological functions by which we experience the world n Sensation (perception) n Intuition (perception) n Feeling n Thinking (Judgement) (Judgement) n One of these four functions is dominant most of the time n Patterns of behavior can be predicted as people act on these tendencies (Dumont, 2010; Myers et al.,2011;myers & Myers, 1980; Taylor, 2009) 1

2 All About Preferences n Writing exercise Psychological Type Theory n psychological type is similar to left or right handedness: n born with, or develop, n certain preferred ways of perceiving and deciding n Jung's theory n An expectation of differences. n Attempt to understand human individuation. n Promotes development of productive ways to cope with differences. n For every conscious combination of traits there is an opposite unconscious one (Lawrence, 2009;McCaulley, 1974; Myers et al., 2011; Myers & Myers, 1980). Isabel Briggs Myers & Katharine Briggs 2

3 Katharine Briggs n Born 1875 n Father was a professor at Michigan Agricultural College(Michigan State University) n one of 9 women in class of 93 men n Majored in Agriculture (vs. Mechanics) n Enrolled in new course called psychology during her senior year in 1893 n 1916 began to ponder personality and was determined to understand human behavior and personality (Saunders, 1991) The Beginings of the MBTI n 1926: Meet Yourself, 1 st published article on personality type in the New Republic n NY Times: she has compiled certain details from Jung s theory of types which enable you to classify yourself and your friends n Not respected because of being a woman and not a psychologist (Saunders, 1991) Isabel Briggs Myers n Born 1897 n Began to develop a people sorting instrument when her children Peter and Ann were in High School n After WWI & during WWII, Isabel was inspired to help the world live in peace by helping people understand themselves and others n She wanted to help fit the worker to the job, especially women, and help the returning soldiers find new work n 1943: Isabel completes 1 st version of what would come to be known as the MBTI n Wanted a challenge in her second half of life (Saunders, 1991) 3

4 Accomplishment n Three decades of extensive research and development from the dining room table, to a cottage industry, to Educational Testing Services to Consulting Psychologists Press who published the first form of the MBTI around 1956 n The MBTI is internationally known and currently found in 20 different languages (Saunders, 1991) Perception without judgment is spineless; judgment with no perception is blind. Introversion lacking any extraversion is impractical; extraversion with no introversion is superficial. Isabel Briggs Myers (Myers 1974) The MBTI Theory n Explores personality differences n Promotes understanding and coping with people and their differences in constructive ways n It is about observable differences in mental functioning n It is about preferences and how people prefer to use their minds n The way people perceive and the way they judge (Myers & Myers, 1980) 4

5 The Theory n Two ways of perceiving: n Through the senses n Through intuition n Two ways of judging n Through thinking n Through feeling (Myers & Myers, 1980) Uses n Counseling n Supervision n Career Development n Learning Styles n Management n Roommate matching n Teaching practices n Classroom management n Relationships n Communication Styles n All types are equal Disclaimer n The purpose of taking the MBTI is to recognize your strengths and weaknesses as well as those of others n The MBTI was created in order to facilitate an understanding and appreciation of differences among human beings. No type is better than another n The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator does not measure ability, traits, or character n Unlike other personality assessments, the MBTI does not do any of the above. Carl Jung and Isabel Briggs-Myers believed that preferences are inborn while traits are not. Someone can improve upon a trait (e.g. working on their public speaking) but they cannot change their preference (e.g. preferring to work alone than with a group in general) ( 5

6 Ethical Guidelines n It is unethical and in many cases illegal to require job applicants to take the Indicator if the results will be used to screen out applicants n The administrator should not counsel a person to, or away from, a particular career, personal relationship or activity based solely upon type information n Clearly explain that one should make their own reasonable judgment and verify their own preferences n Ethical use of the MBTI involves training to be certified to use assessment and be able to discern and understand results (Myers, McCaulley & Most, 1985; Ethical Guidelines n There are guidelines for the following areas: ethical guidelines for using the instrument, ethics for administering the instrument, guidelines for ethical feedback of the MBTI results, ethics for professional qualifications, and trademark guidelines for using the instrument. ( Research n The MBTI instrument has been the subject of thousands of research projects studying the links between personality type and different aspects of life. n The Center for Applications of Psychological Type (CAPT ) maintains the largest single collection of research about the MBTI instrument in the world, housed in the Isabel Briggs Myers Memorial Library (Myers, McCaulley, & Most, 1985; 6

7 Reliability & Validity n On a retest, people generally scored the same three or four preferences 75% to 90% of the time. n When a person does change type on a retest, it is generally a dichotomy where their preference for one or the other is in between-- meaning 40% to 55%. n Strong face validity, individuals report that results describe their view of themselves (Myers, McCaulley, & Most, 1985; Age Limitations n MBTI assessment was developed for adults and high school students n 7 th to 8 th grade reading level based on Dale-Chall formula (Myers, McCaulley, & Most, 1985) n MMTIC assessment is intended for use with children and teenagers -Center for Applications of Psychological Type Type and Culture n Regardless of its multicultural effectiveness, the MBTI instrument is not a device for identifying features of a culture n Type has not been assessed in all cultural societies n It has been surveyed in about 30 countries on all continents, some with more than one culture n preferences may not look the same in different cultures n Each culture defines appropriate acceptable ways for people to express themselves, including ways to express their type preferences n Cultural norms and expectations guide the expression of type n Use caution when interpreting to non-english speaking people (Myers, McCaulley, & Most, 1985; 7

8 The Instrument n Self-report n Self-scoring n Must be certified by CAPT to administer and interpret n Test security 8 type categories Introvert vs. Extravert (energy source) Introvert n Energy from inside self, reflecting on own thoughts, emotions, & ideas n Keeps thoughts & details to self n Functions best with quiet time for reflection n Considers implications before making statements n Often absorbed in thought n Concentrates well Extravert n Energy from active involvement w/ people and things outside of self n Shares info about self openly n Restless w/out a lot to do n Problem solve/think outloud n React quickly to situations w/ out thinking about implication n Off the cuff statement 8

9 Introvert and Extrovert n Sensing vs. Intuition (Learning Style) n Learns through five senses in a linear fashion n Facts, details, practical, useful n Appreciates traditions and familiar ground n Present oriented n Detail oriented Sensing n Literal interpretations n Values recognizable achievement Intuition n Rely on hunches, sixth sense n Bogged down by details n Big picture thinker n Considers possibilities rather than realities n Likes to do things differently n Enjoys new and different experiences n May seem restless and want change Sensing and Intuition n 9

10 Feeling vs. Thinking (decision making process) Feeling n Make decisions in personal, values oriented way n Harmony is the objective n Choose tactfulness over truthfulness n Expects others to value individual differences as they do n The bleeding heart n Concerned about decisions effect on others n Use logic to support values oriented conclusions Thinking n Decide with head using logical perspective n Deal with people firmly n Decide using pros & cons n Black & white evaluator n Can appear to be abrupt, tactless, uncaring n Prefer to solve the problem n Use emotions and values to validate decisions Feeling and Thinking n Judging vs. Perceiving (attitude or world view) n Plan lives and live according to plans n Reach one goal & then on to the next n Difficulty adapting to change n Results oriented/like closure n Work then play Judging n Tidy work and home spaces n Dislike ambiguity/decisive n Tentative, spontaneous, flexible, go with the flow n Surprises are welcome n Uncomfortable making definitive decisions n Multiple projects going on at once n Play then work Perceiving n Untidy work and home spaces n Comfortable with ambiguity 10

11 Judging and Perceiving n Type Table ISTJ Traditionalists 13.7% Dutiful Logical Methodical ISTP Problem-Solvers 6.4% Expedient Objective Adaptable ISFJ Protectors 12.7% Dutiful Supportive Meticulous ISFP Harmonizers 6.1% Tolerant Realistic Harmonious Adaptable INFJ Guides 1.7% Devoted Idealistic Compassionate INFP Humanists 3.2% Insightful Idealistic Adaptable INTJ Visionaries 1.4% Independent Analytical Purposeful INTP Conceptualizes 2.4% Questioning Objective Abstract Type Table ESTP Activists 5.8% Energetic Pragmatic Spontaneous ESTJ Coordinators 10.4% Organized Logical Outgoing ESFP Fun-lovers 8.7% Spontaneous Friendly Harmonious ESFJ Supporters 12.6% Friendly Loyal Organized ENFP Enthusiasts 6.3% Optimistic Compassionate Versatile ENFJ Developers 2.8% Friendly Supportive Idealistic ENTP Entrepreneurs 2.8% Risk-taking Outgoing Adaptable ENTJ Reformers 2.9% Determined Strategic Outgoing 11

12 Use of Type in Counseling n Clients experience a sense of worth and dignity by discovering their own type strengths. n Clients feel a sense of release by identifying their type rather than restriction. n Clients are free to discover natural talents and express them. n Hope is often restored when discovering their own valuable preferences and shed the disconfirmation of others. n Empowerment is experienced with the realization that problems may be related to neglect of preferred preferences. n Change takes place with development of opposite and sometimes unconscious preferences as when teaching an extravert to develop some introvert qualities. References n Dumont, F. (2010). A history of personality psychology : theory, science, and research from Hellenism to the twenty-first century. Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, n Jung, C. G., & Baynes, H. G. (1926). Psychological types; or, The psychology of individuation. London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co., ltd.; New York, Harcourt, Brace & company, Inc. n Lawrence, G. (2009). People types and tiger stripes : Using psychological type to help students discover their unique potential. Gainesville, FL : Center for Applications of Psychological Type. n Myers, I. B., McCaulley, M. H., & Most, R. (1985). Manual, a guide to the development and use of the Myers-Briggs type indicator. Palo Alto, Ca. : Consulting Psychologists Press. References n Myers, I. B., Myers, K. D., & Kirby, L. K. (2011). Introduction to type : A guide to understanding your results on the MBTI instrument. Mountain View, California : CPP, Inc. n Myers, I. B., & Myers, P. B. (1980). Gifts differing. Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press. n Taylor, E. (2009). The mystery of personality : A history of psychodynamic theories. New York : Springer. n Center for Applications of Psychological Type n The Myers & Briggs Foundation 12