Unit outline. Outline. Acknowledgement of country. Motivation & Emotion

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1 Motivation & Emotion Unit outline Dr James Neill Centre for Applied Psychology University of Canberra 2016 Image source 1 Outline Teaching staff Learning outcomes Syllabus Graduate attributes Flexible delivery Lectures Tutorials Textbook Equipment Unit websites Assessment Book chapter Multimedia Quizzes Key dates 2 Acknowledgement of country We acknowledge the Ngunnawal peoples as traditional custodians of the land upon which the Uni of Canberra main campus sits, and pay respect to Elders past and present. 3

2 Teaching staff Dr. James Neill (convener, lecturer & tutor) Face to face: Before or after tutorials or lectures or by appointment. Office hours: 12:30-13:30 Wed (before lectures) in lecture weeks (12D12) Online: Moodle discussion, Twitter (jtneill) #emot16, Wikiversity talk page (jtneill) Direct message: Moodle message or Phone: Learning outcomes Integrate theories and current research towards explaining the role of motivation and emotions in human behaviour. 5 Syllabus 1. Drives and instincts 2. Theories of motivation, consciousness, and volitional behaviour 3. Self-control and self-regulation 4. Structure and function of emotions 5. Relationships between emotion and cognition 6. Regulation of emotions 6

3 Graduate attributes: Professional 1. Communicate effectively 2. Initiative and drive, use organisation skills to plan and manage workload 3. Up-to-date and relevant knowledge and skills 4. Use creativity, critical thinking, analysis and research skills to solve real-world and theoretical problem 7 Graduate attributes: Global citizens 1. Adopt an informed and balanced approach across professional and international boundaries 2. Communicate effectively in diverse cultural and social settings 3. Make creative use of technology in learning and professional lives 8 Graduate attributes: Lifelong learners 1. Adapt to complexity, ambiguity and change by being flexible and keen to engage with new ideas 2. Be self-aware 3. Evaluate and adopt new technology 9

4 Flexible delivery mode 1. On-campus activities (lectures and tutorials) are recorded, with accompanying online notes. 2. The learning outcomes can be achieved via face to face, online, or blended modes of engagement your choice 10 Lectures Wednesdays 13:30-15:30 12B2 Weeks 1-7, x 2 hour weekly lectures based on the 17 Reeve (2015) textbook chapters ~1 st half = motivation ~2 nd half = emotion Lectures will be recorded and accessible via Echo360 on the Moodle site. 11 Lecture topics 12

5 Lecture topics 1. Unit outline and introduction 2. Historical development and assessment skills 3. Brain & physiological needs 4. Psych. needs & implicit motives 5. Ext. motivation & goal setting 6. Mindsets, control, & the self 13 Lecture topics 7. Nature of emotion 8. Aspects of emotion 9. Individual emotions 10. Unconscious motivation 11. Growth psychology 12. Interventions and conclusion 14 Tutorials 1. 6 x 2hr x fortnightly tutorials 2. Structure 1. ~20% content review 2. ~50% activities 3. ~30% assessment task skills 3. Virtual tutorials are recorded and available via Moodle 4. Tutorial attendance is strongly recommended but not compulsory 15

6 Tutorial topics Wed/Thu fortnightly T1 Wed 15:30 9A2 W 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 T2 Wed 15:30 9A2 W 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13 T3 Wed 18:00 9A2 W 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 T4 Wed 18:00 Onl W 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13 T5 Thu 10:30 9A2 W 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, Tutorials - Topics 1. Introduction + Wiki editing 2. Needs (Physiological, Psychological, Social) 3. Motivation, optimism, & self 4. Emotion 5. Individual emotions 6. Growth psychology 17 Textbook Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 18

7 Assessment - Overview 1. Book chapter (50%) Due 9am Mon Week Multimedia (20%) Due 9am Mon Week Quizzes (30%) Due 9am Mon Week hours 10 hours 90 hours 21

8 Book chapter - Task Author an interesting, well-written, freely available, online, book chapter about a specific, unique motivation or emotion topic. Consider how psychological theory and research knowledge can be used to help people live more effective motivational or emotional lives. Contribute meaningfully to the development of other book chapters. 22 Book chapter Guidelines 1. Theme 2. Wikiversity 1. User name 2. Licensing 3. Topic 4. Collaboration & peer feedback 5. Length 6. Submission 23

9 Topic examples - Motivation What motivates people to do X and how can we be more or less motivated to do A? (e.g., body modification, exercise, eat healthily, use drug Y) What is the B model/theory and how can it be applied? (e.g., goal setting, self-affirmation, willpower) 25 Topic examples - Emotion Why do we experience emotion W and how can we experience more or less of it? (e.g., happiness, jealousy, emotional intelligence) What is the effect of (emotion) X on (outcome) Y? (e.g., anger on health, health on happiness) What is the Z model/theory of emotion and how can it be applied? (e.g., Emotion-Focused Therapy, Schacter-Singer theory of emotion, Lövheim cube of emotion) 26 Book chapter - Marking criteria 1. Theory (30%): Effective use of key theoretical concepts, critical thinking & application of theory. 2. Research (30%): Key peer-reviewed research discussed in relation to theoretical aspects of the topic. 3. Written expression (30%): Interesting and readable, logical structure, interactive learning features, APA style. 4. Social contribution (10%): Helping others to improve book quality. Logged. 27

10 Book chapter - Topic sign up 1 Sign up: One topic per author. Some possible topics are available sign up anytime. Or propose your own topic (via ). Topics will be discussed during Tutorial 1. Sign up by the end of Week Book chapter - Topic sign up 2 Proposed topics the convener: Title Subtitle (in the form of a question(s)) Topics must be unique (not previously covered in the Motivation and Emotion book project on Wikiversity) Wikiversity username 29

11 Multimedia Guidelines 1. Topic overview 2. Style and format 3. Platform 4. Equipment 5. Length 6. Copyright 7. Attribution 8. Links 31 Multimedia - Marking criteria 1. Structure and content (25%): Welldesigned, logical content which overviews the chapter content 2. Communication (50%): Clear, wellpaced, engaging communication of ideas 3. Production quality (25%): Clear picture and sound. Informative title, description, license, etc. 32 Student feedback (2011) Best aspects? Choosing our own topic and writing a chapter that was meaningful to us, using a new medium that extended our skills. Learning to use the Wiki, and writing in this way was more relevant to real life than an essay. Really engaging unit! Worst aspects? did not like at all the focus on wikiversity and multimedia/social media aspect... overly challenging to be learning the content as well as the medium. 33

12 Quizzes 1. Availability 2. Content 1.Online quizzes about each of the 17 textbook chapters 2.Equally-weighted 10-item multiple-choice quizzes 3. Time limit 4. Academic integrity 5. Attempts 6. Reviewing results 34 Key dates W03 (Fri) Sign up for chapter topic W04 (Fri) Census day - Withdraw without academic or financial penalty W08 No classes - Mid-semester break W08 (Fri) Withdraw without incurring fail W13 (Mon 9am) - Book chapter due W14 (Mon 9am) - Multimedia due W15 (Mon 9am) - Quizzes due W16 (Fri 3pm) Results released 35 Summary Teaching staff Learning outcomes Syllabus Graduate attributes Flexible delivery Lectures Tutorials Textbook Equipment Unit websites Lectures Tutorials Assessment Book chapter Multimedia Quizzes Key dates 36

13 Questions? Image source: 37 References Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 38

14 Motivation & Emotion Introduction to motivation and emotion Dr James Neill Centre for Applied Psychology University of Canberra 2016 Image source 1

15 Motivation and emotion: Definition activity 1. Write your own definition of: motivation =? emotion =? 2. Share and discuss your definitions with someone else. 3. Improve/modify your definitions. 4. Let's hear some definitions 4 Motivation and emotion: Key questions Theory Why do we do what we do? + Why do we feel the way we feel? Practice How can we change what we do? + How can we change what we feel? 5 Motivation and emotion: Etymology "motivation" and emotion have a common root in the Latin verb: movere (to move) Image source: CC-by-A 2.0 6

16 Motivation and emotion: Scientific process Reality (In all its complexity) Representation Theory (Created by psychologists) Hypotheses (Derived from theory) Applications; Recommendations (How to support and enhance motivation and emotion in applied settings) Application Data (To test the adequacy of each hypothesis) Based on Reeve (2015), Figure Motivation: Pink blobs Why aren't we just pink blobs? Pink blob Why do we ever do anything at all? Image source: CC-by-A Motivation: Energy + Direction Motivation refers to the processes that give behaviour energy and direction. Energy (Strength): Behaviours have strength, intensity, and persistence. Direction (Purpose): Behaviours aim to achieve particular purposes or goals. 9

17 Motivational theory example: Reasons to exercise Reeve (2009), Table Motivation: Perennial questions What causes behaviour? Why does behaviour vary in its intensity? Why did she do that? Why do people do what they do?? Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 6-9) Why does a person behave one way in a particular situation at one time yet behave in a different way at another time? What are the motivational differences among individuals, and how do such differences arise? 11 Motivation: Specific questions that constitute the core problems to be solved in motivation study 1. What starts behaviour? 2. Why is behaviour sustained over time? 3. Why is behaviour directed towards some goals yet away from others? 4. Why does behaviour change its direction? 5. Why does behaviour stop? Image source: CC-by-SA 3.0 Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 6-7) 12

18 Motivation: Sources Antecedent conditions External events Social contexts Internal motives Needs Cognitions Emotions Energised, goal-directed, and persistent (motivated) action Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.2, p. 9) 13 Expressions of motivation Motivation cannot be directly measured; but expressions of motivation can be measured. Behaviour Engagement Physiology & brain activations Self-report Based on Reeve (2015, pp ) 14 Probability of response Choice Expressions of motivation: Behaviour Latency Persistence Effort Facial expressions Bodily gestures Based on Reeve (2015, Table 1.2, p. 13) 15

19 Expressions of motivation: Engagement. Extent of engagement Behaviour Emotion Cognition Agency On-task behaviour Effort Persistence Using sophisticated Presence of learning strategies interest, enjoyment, Seeking conceptual enthusiasm understanding rather Absence of than surface distress, anger, knowledge anxiety, frustration Self-regulation, such as planning Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.3, p. 13) Contributing constructively into and changing the environment for the better Asking questions Expressing preferences 16 Expressions of motivation: Physiological & brain activity Brain Hormonal Cardiovascular Ocular Electrodermal Skeletal Based on Reeve (2015, Table 1.3, p. 14) 17 Expressions of motivation: Self-report People can typically self-report the nature of their motivation (e.g., via interview or questionnaire). But there can be a lack of correspondence between what people say their motivations are and their behavioural and physiological expressions (unconscious motivation). Based on Reeve (2015, p. 15) 18

20 Framework for understanding and studying motivation Antecedent conditions Environmental events Social contexts Motive status Energising, directing, and sustaining: Behaviour Enagement Brain activity Psychophysiology Self-report Changes in life outcomes: Performance Achievement Learning Adjustment Skill, talent Well-being Needs Cognitions Emotions Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.4, p. 16) 19 Motives vary over time & influence the ongoing stream of behaviour Motivation is a dynamic process (always changing, always rising and falling) rather than a discrete event or static condition. e.g., motives influencing behaviour of a student sitting at a desk Note: The number of asterisks in column 4 represents the intensity of the aroused motive. One asterisk denotes the lowest intensity level, while five asterisks denote the highest intensity level. Based on Reeve (2009, Table 1.4, p. 15) 21

21 Stream of behaviour and changes in the strength of its underlying motives Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.6, p. 20) 22 Using motivational theories to solve practical problems Practical problem Given what I know about human motivation & emotion Proposed solution/ intervention, if any e.g., Student dropout Mediocre performance Theories Empirical findings Practical experience How likely is it that an intervention will have positive benefits? Do no harm Based on Reeve (2009, p. 22) 23 Understanding the motivational agent Identifying the motivational agent underlying the practical problem (e.g., goals, efficacy, or helplessness) What is the behavioural phenomena? What is its opposite? Where does it come from? Is it malleable or fixed? What does it related to, or predict? Based on Reeve (2009, Ch 1) 24

22 Theoretical understanding of the problem to be solved What is the model? (theory) How does it work? (diagram?) What causes the behavioural phenomena to change? Under what conditions? What causes high and low levels of the behaviour? Based on Reeve (2009, Ch 1) 25 Some ways to get a better overview of motivation and emotion Read the 17 Reeve (2015) chapter summaries. Look through other motivation and emotion textbooks in the library. Check out articles in the peer reviewed journal, Motivation and Emotion. Explore the previous ( ) books on Wikiversity. 26 Summary 1. Why do we do what we do, feel what we feel, and how can this be changed? 2. Motivation and emotion have a common etymological and theoretical root to move 3. Motivation is a dynamic process which combines the external environmental context and interval motive status (needs, cognitions, and emotions) to give energy and direction to motivation as indicated by behaviour, engagement, neurological and physiological activations, and self-report. 27

23 References Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 28