LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT. An Introduction
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1 LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT An Introduction
2 What is Lifespan Development? Def; patterns of changes that occur between conception and death. from the Womb to the Tomb
3 Why study Lifespan Development?
4 Early pioneers in Lifespan Development Largely focused on NATURE Biology / genes / hormones Sperm + egg, chromosomes combine infants crawl at 6-9 mos puberty starts around yrs old menopause begins in women 40-50yrs old Biblical Original Sin = children born into a corrupt world with extremely selfish inclinations born bad
5 WE will also focus on NURTURE Environment / Experiences John Locke s Tabula Rasa or Blank Slate BOTH (nature & nurture) determine our BOTH (nature & nurture) determine our characteristics!
6 NATURE and NURTURE 3 Broad Developmental Domains BIOLOGICAL - COGNITIVE - PSYCHOSOCIAL Psychosocial
7 Historical Changes to Lifespan Development Prenatal (pre-birth) and Infancy These have remained relatively unchanged throughout history.
8 Historical Changes to Lifespan Development CHILDHOOD
9 Childhood divided into 2 distinct periods
10 Historical Changes to Lifespan Development ADOLESCENCE
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13 Modern-Day Lifespan Perspective Development is a lifelong process Development is multidirectional Development involves both gain and loss Development is characterized by lifelong plasticity Development is contextual shaped by historical & culture Development is multidimensional Development must be studied by multiple disciplines development is also individualistic not always the same for everyone!
14 How is Lifespan Development studied?
15 Observation Scientific Method Define a solvable problem Propose a hypothesis (a tentative explanation) Test the hypothesis Conclusion / Theory (based on results)
16 Research Methods (application of the scientific method) Naturalistic Observation Field studies / observation in natural environment E. g. Jane Goodall & Diane Fossey (primate studies) Describes behaviors (not very reliable for making predictions) Pros (advantages) of this method Good starting point for coming up w/ a problem or hypothesis Cons (disadvantages) Observer Effects Hawthorne Effect chg in subjects behavior brought about by being observed Observer Bias observer expects to see something, and ultimately sees it
17 Research Methods (application of the scientific method) Correlational Studies Correlations show a relationship between 2 things (variables), where as one changes, so does the other BEWARE: Correlations ONLY show relationships, NOT CAUSATION! Example: Height & Shoe Size
18 Research Methods (application of the scientific method) Correlational Studies Two things to look at when describing correlations 1- direction ( + or - ) + means: as one variable increases in value, so does the other - means: as one variable increases in value, the other decreases Examples: 2- strength of the relationship Expressed as a number between -1 and +1 the farther away from 0 in either direction, the stronger the relationship other examples:
19 Research Methods (application of the scientific method) Correlational Studies More examples: Length of foot & Reading Ability Preachers salaries & Number of topless bars Beware of 3 rd variables (the reason that we cannot use this method to prove causation) Pros of this method Excellent for showing relationships and useful in making predictions Cons not reliable for showing causation
20 Research Methods (application of the scientific method) Experimental Design Our most powerful research tool Steps in an experiment (fits the sci meth well) 1- Make some sort of observation and define a solvable problem (background research / lit review) 2- Propose a hypothesis State in terms of cause-and-effect Independent Variable (IV) the variable that the experimenter directly manipulates (in value, size, position, amount, etc) that we hope causes a change. Often this is THE ONLY difference between our groups in the experiment. Dependent Variable (DV) the variable (usually a behavior) which we hope changes because of the IV
21 Research Methods (application of the scientific method) Experimental Design 1- Make some sort of observation and define a solvable problem (background research / lit review) 2- Propose a hypothesis 3- Create 2 or more groups that are alike (homogeneous) to see if any changes take place due to the IV Experimental group Group that receives the experimental IV (e.g.- the real drug) Control group Group that we use for comparison, they receive no experimental IV (e.g. they get a placebo or some other inert substance that should have no effect)
22 Research Methods (application of the scientific method) Experimental Design 1- Make some sort of observation and define a solvable problem (background research / lit review) 2- Propose a hypothesis 3- Create 2 or more groups that are alike (homogeneous) to see if any changes take place due to the IV By making the groups as alike as possible, we attempt to control for EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES (variables other than the IV that could influence or affect the experiment) so if there is a change in the DV, we can credit it to the IV and not something else QUESTION: How can we easily create 2 groups that are alike / homogeneous???
23 Research Methods (application of the scientific method) Experimental Design 1- Make some sort of observation and define a solvable problem (background research / lit review) 2- Propose a hypothesis 3- Create 2 or more groups that are alike (homogeneous) to see if any changes take place due to the IV 4- Vary one condition (the IV) that you expect will cause a change in behavior (DV) 5- Record the results (what effect the IV had on the DV) and draw a conclusion
24 Research Methods (application of the scientific method) Experimental Design Pros (advantages) The best method to show cause-and-effect (causality) Cons (disadvantages) Artificial may or may not readily apply to the outside world
25 Other IMPORTANT methods Survey Research Methods (application of the scientific method) Case Studies *Longitudinal Studies *Cross-Sectional *Sequential Design (a combo of Longitudinal & Cross-Sectional!)
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