PSK 351 Theories of Personality
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1 PSK 351 Theories of Personality Doğan Kökdemir, PhD Baskent University Department of Psychology Lecture 10: Learning Theories - Skinner and Bandura 1
2 Psychology is the science of intellects, characters, and behavior of animals including (hu)man. Edward Thorndike (1911) 2
3 1900s - Right Time for Behaviorism Success of Animal Psychology Animals and humans should be subject to similar laws (parsimony). Anthropomorphism (animals are like us). Accomplishments of Physiology Search for New Paradigms We cannot measure the intensity of someone s pain, but we can measue how s/he behaves when s/he is in pain. Search for New Methods IntrospecAon was out, experiment was in. Birth of Compara@ve Psychology George J. Romanes ( ) introduced the term compara've psychology and wrote on Animal Intelligence (1882). Jacques Loeb ( ) claimed that various forces such as physical, biological, and social influence living organism. Organism react to these forces physically or chemically (tropism).
4 The Psychological Effects of Oxygen Deprivation (E. Bagby) Journal of Comparative Psychology,
5 Associative Learning (Çağrışımsal Öğrenme) 5
6 Little Albert (John B. Watson, 1920) 6
7 Classical Conditioning (Klasik Koşullama) Learning by which a neutral s@mulus becomes associated with a meaningful s@mulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. Ivan Pavlov ( ) 7
8 Testimonials (referans, tanıklık) EmoAon: Fear, Love, Rage 8
9 Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select doctor, lawyer, arast, merchant, chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abiliaes, vocaaons, and race of his ancestors. John B. Watson (1930) John B. Watson ( ) 9
10 Watson and Behaviorism John B. Watson ( ) Human beings are more likely to be organic machines. He rejected the concept of purpose and considered behavior as the crucial element to understand human funcaoning. Founding Principles of Behaviorism samulus and response habit formaaon habit integraaon Psychology should be an experimental branch of natural sciences have verified and controlled experiments resemble biology and establish laws be to describe, predict, and control behavior (Note that he did not menaon the fourth concept, that is, explain) embrace behavior as the subject of studies 10
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12 Watson and Rayner: A Love Story Watson, R. R. (1930). I am the mother of a behaviorist s sons. Parent s Magazine & BeFer Family Living, 5(12), 16-18, In some respects I bow to the great wisdom in the science of behaviorism, and in others I am rebellious I cannot restrain my affecqon for the children completely; I secretly wish that on the score of their affecqons they will be a lifle weak when they grow up, that they will enjoy a lifle coddling that they will have a tear in their eyes for the poetry and drama of life and a throb for all romance. John Watson ( ) and Rosalie Rayner ( ) Billy Watson and Jimmy Watson Polly Watson and John Watson scheduled feeding - no physical affecaon - 12
13 Operant Conditioning (Edimsel Koşullama) Edward Thorndike ( ) Founder of educaaonal psychology, studied on staasacs, mathemaacs, educaaonal techniques, and social psychology. The Puzzle Box (1898) behavior changes because of its consequences the law of effect 13
14 The Law of Effect behavior changes because of its consequences 14
15 Higher Nervous Activity Ivan Pavlov ( ) Lock: When two areas of excitement are connected, they are locked together in some way. What does it mean? (e.g., OCD) What is the importance of this lock in human life? Language is the second signaling system. (e.g., You cannot eat the world apple pie.) A nonstop process of excitement (uyarılma) and inhibi@on Ay içime bunaltı (ketleme) geldi kız! regulates our life. Excitement and inhibiaon influence each other. This process is called induc@on. Does inducaon produce inbalance? What if, one of your friends has excitement = inhibiaon excitement < inhibiaon excitement > inhibiaon Suppose you are in a party with your boyfriend / girlfriend and at the party you are introduced with a really cute boy / girl. What will happen in your higher nervous system? 15
16 16
17 Operant Conditioning Reinforcement: The frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a rewarding samulus. Nega@ve Reinforcement: The frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) samulus. Punishment: A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur. B. F. Skinner ( ) 17
18 Shaping the Pigeons 18
19 Schedules of Reinforcements Variable RaAo 19
20 Observational Learning Albert Bandura ( ) 20
21 Bobo Doll Experiment (1961) 21
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