Priming. 522 psycholinguistics Tirgul 4

Transcription

1 Priming 522 psycholinguistics Tirgul 4

2 We ll start with a reminder from previous lesson

3 The Structure of scientific papers Section of paper Experimental process

4 The Structure of scientific papers Section of paper Abstract Experimental process promo : What did the authors do in a nutshell

5 The Structure of scientific papers Section of paper Abstract introduction Experimental process promo : What did the authors do in a nutshell What was the problem? Background and hypotheses

6 The Structure of scientific papers Section of paper Abstract introduction Methods Experimental process promo : What did the authors do in a nutshell What was the problem? Background and hypotheses How did the authors solve the problem?

7 The Structure of scientific papers Section of paper Abstract introduction Methods results Experimental process promo : What did the authors do in a nutshell What was the problem? Background and hypotheses How did the authors solve the problem? What did they find?

8 The Structure of scientific papers Section of paper Abstract introduction Methods results Discussion Experimental process promo : What did the authors do in a nutshell What was the problem? Background and hypotheses How did the authors solve the problem? What did they find? What does it mean? Interpretations

9 The Structure of scientific papers Section of paper Abstract introduction Methods results Discussion references Experimental process promo : What did the authors do in a nutshell What was the problem? Background and hypotheses How did the authors solve the problem? What did they find? What does it mean? Interpretations Whose work did the authors refer to?

10 The Structure of scientific papers Section of paper Abstract introduction Methods results Discussion references Experimental process promo : What did the authors do in a nutshell What was the problem? Background and hypotheses How did the authors solve the problem? What did they find? What does it mean? Interpretations Whose work did the authors refer to?

11 In today s lesson we will be presenting a familiar paradigm (one method that enables us to answer questions of interest)

12 An Experiment 1. Please grab a pen and a piece of paper. 2. You are going to see an image presented briefly..

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17 In each of the following word pairs choose one word and write it down

18 אגם, קופסא

19 כנף חדק,

20 רונלד, דונלד

21 בסיס, מקור

22 מכוער, מלוכלך

23 נביחה, קרקור

24 מים אש,

25 ריצה, שחייה

26 עבה דק,

27 נוצות, פרווה

28 ברווז, כבשה

29 Lets analyze the results..

30 In a well-designed experiment and enough subjects: those people who saw the figure with the duck would tend to choose more words related to ducks even if they have no recollection of seeing the duck. This is one of many examples of a phenomenon and an experimental procedure called Priming.

31 Priming Improved processing of an item as a result of a previous encounter with that item or a related item.

32 Priming Improved processing of an item as a result of a previous encounter with that item or a related item. Improved processing = better/faster identification, production or classification, choose more of a kind.. Exposure to a stimulus at time 1 influences responding to a related stimulus at time 2

33 Priming vocabulary Exposure to stimulus 1 influences responding to a related ) רונלד, דונלד ( 2 stimulus Exposure to prime (stimulus 1) influences responding to a related target (stimulus 2). And in our example? Prime = image of a duck Target = words related to ducks.

34 Priming, cont. The prime and target can be related to דונלד- ( ways each other in many different (כנף- שחייה BUT דק- We will discuss this issue in further detail soon The processing task is independent of the relation between the prime and target

35 Priming: two more points The strongest effect is when stimulus 1 is identical to stimulus 2 (Repetition Priming). Activation can occur even when the priming stimulus is not consciously perceived.

36 Another Example: Lexical decision task Do you recall what you will be asked to do in a lexical decision task?

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38 doctor

39 NURSE

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41 apple

42 WINDOW

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44 Lets do this once more (more slowly this time..)

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46 doctor This was the Prime

47 NURSE This was the Target

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49 apple This was the Prime

50 WINDOW This was the Target

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52 Lexical Priming III The relation between primes and targets: related in a certain aspect (e.g., semantics or phonology unrelated We expect that: RT to related targets< RT to unrelated targets

53 Lexical Priming III A significant RT difference is called a priming effect or facilitation

54 One theory of priming: exposure at time 1 activates a network of representations or associations in memory that are related to the prime. If the target is related to the prime, its representation is already activated at time 2. Therefore, the time required to execute the response is reduced.

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56 Will we get priming for any lexical relation? We assume that priming occurs if during lexical access the aspect that defines the relatedness between prime and target is indeed activated.

57 Will we get priming for any lexical relation? Cont. Priming is not expected to happen if the aspect that connects between the prime and target is not accessed, or is not accessed under the current condition (e.g., a brief presentation, a different language etc.)

58 Why don t we ask subjects to say if it s related/unrelated?

59 By using priming- We implicitly learn about the way people process language. We are less interested in their explicit reports, thought this data can also be very interesting for other studies..

60 Priming Types - Preview By type of relationship Repetition Semantic Phonological Morphological Orthographic Methodology Delayed Masked vs. Unmasked (####) Cross Modal

61 Repetition Priming pencil-pencil pencil- PENCIL (cross modal) pencil עפרון (cross linguistic)

62 Semantic Priming Related: doctor-nurse Unrelated: driver-nurse And again we can use cross modal, masked vs. unmasked methodologies etc..

63 Phonological Priming light- NIGHT knead-need, carrot-carat carrot-captain

64 Morphological Priming hunter-hunt, booklet-book משתלה שתיל משתלה מסעדה

65 Orthographic Priming passive PASS legacy LEG

66 Possible problems? Semantic, orthographic and morphology are sometimes very difficult to differentiate.

67 The end