Psychology of Language

Transcription

1 PSYCH 150 / LIN 155 UCI COGNITIVE SCIENCES syn lab Psychology of Language Prof. Jon Sprouse : Priming and two types of activation 1

2 The activation model p t k f θ s ʃ tʃ h m ŋ l b d g v ð z ɮ dɮ ʔ n w r y æ a i ɪ e ɛ ʌ ɔ ə u o cat dog activation t æ k activation d a g time time 2

3 The frequency effect p t k f θ s ʃ tʃ h m ŋ l b d g v ð z ɮ dɮ ʔ n w r y æ a i ɪ e ɛ ʌ ɔ ə u o Higher frequency words have higher resting activation levels Lower frequency words have lower resting activation levels sister famine activation activation time time 3

4 The priming paradigm 4

5 Identity Priming (phonetic or orthographic) No relationship: this is the normal recognition time identical form: is recognized faster here! just read decision just read decision NORMAL FASTER chair prime target prime target 5

6 Capturing Identity Priming effects in the activation model After a word is activated, it will take time for the activation to return to the resting level. If that word is presented again, before the activation has returned to the resting level, it will take less time to reach the selection threshold! first selection second selection activation activation by the prime decay activation by the target selection threshold normal RT primed RT time * * 6

7 It s all about the starting activation For the frequency effect, differences in reaction time are captured by differences in the resting activation level (assuming equal rates of activation in response to the word) sister famine For the identity priming effect, differences in reaction time are captured by differences in the starting activation level (assuming equal rates of activation in response to the word) * * 7

8 Semantic Priming 8

9 What s up with word-association? Word Association Task: I ll say a word, and you tell me the first word that pops in your head. cat light table book dog 52% dark 41% chair 36% read 18% mouse 8% bulb 8% cloth 13% page 7% black 4% heavy 7% top 9% mark 6% mat 3% bright 5% tennis 5% library 5% You can look this up yourself at: 9

10 What about Taboo? Play It! 10

11 A semantic network A semantic network is simply the idea that words (or concepts) are connected based on their semantic relatedness. street vehicle car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 11

12 A semantic network street vehicle car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 12

13 A semantic network street vehicle car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 13

14 A semantic network street vehicle car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 14

15 A semantic network street vehicle car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 15

16 A semantic network street vehicle car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 16

17 A semantic network street vehicle car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 17

18 A semantic network street vehicle car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 18

19 A semantic network street vehicle car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 19

20 A semantic network street vehicle car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 20

21 Spreading Activation Spreading activation is a process by which nodes in the network activate nodes that they are connected to. street vehicle car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 21

22 Spreading Activation street vehicle car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 22

23 Spreading Activation At each step, the activation decreases, because the concept is not as strongly associated street vehicle car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 23

24 Spreading Activation At each step, the activation decreases, because the concept is not as strongly associated street vehicle car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 24

25 Spreading Activation At each step, the activation decreases, because the concept is not as strongly associated street vehicle car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 25

26 Explaining Taboo with Semantic Networks and Spreading Activation world series The taboo words The difficulty lies in the number of steps necessary to get from legal words to the target word! baseball ring Possible pathways diamond The target word jewel carats are forever engagement jeweler 26

27 Semantic Priming Semantic Priming: Words that are semantically related to each other make each other faster! No relationship: this is the normal recognition time Semantically related: is recognized faster here! just read decision just read decision NORMAL FASTER chair bus prime target prime target 27

28 Capturing Semantic Priming effects in the activation model After a word is activated, spreading activation will activate semantically related words. If the semantically related word is presented again, before its activation has returned to the resting level, it will take less time to reach the threshold! selection of bus selection of activation selection threshold bus activation of by spreading activation activation of directly time * bus * 28

29 Bus primes, because accessing bus activates, making easier to access Semantic Priming street vehicle chair car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 29

30 Chair does not prime, because and chair are not closely related. Semantic Priming street vehicle chair car bus ambulance fire engine house blue red fire 30

31 What type of priming is this? No relationship: this is the normal recognition time No relationship: so this should be equal just read decision just read decision NORMAL FASTER chair stripes lion stripes prime target prime target Why would two apparently unrelated words prime each other? 31

32 Let s look at spreading activation again animal chair jungle tiger lion If activation spreads, then words that are 2 steps away from each other should still show priming! stripes 32

33 Let s look at spreading activation again animal chair jungle tiger lion If activation spreads, then words that are 2 steps away from each other should still show priming! stripes 33

34 Let s look at spreading activation again animal chair jungle tiger lion If activation spreads, then words that are 2 steps away from each other should still show priming! stripes 34

35 Let s look at spreading activation again animal chair jungle tiger lion If activation spreads, then words that are 2 steps away from each other should still show priming! stripes 35

36 We call this Mediated Priming No relationship: this is the normal recognition time No apparent relationship, so this should be equal, but it is faster because of mediated priming. just read decision just read decision NORMAL FASTER chair stripes lion stripes prime target prime target 36

37 Mediated Priming Lion primes stripes, even though lions don t have stripes, and even though tiger is not seen! animal chair jungle tiger Never seen! lion stripes Mediated priming is evidence for spreading activation. 37

38 Semantic connections between words p t k f θ s ʃ tʃ h m ŋ l b d g v ð z ɮ dɮ ʔ n w r y æ a i ɪ e ɛ ʌ ɔ ə u o cat dog activation t æ k activation d a g time time 38

39 So our model requires both phonetic activation and semantic activation p t k f θ s ʃ tʃ h m ŋ l b d g v ð z ɮ dɮ ʔ n w r y æ a i ɪ e ɛ ʌ ɔ ə u o animal jungle tiger lion 39

40 So we have two types of relationships: phonetic and semantic p t k f θ s ʃ tʃ h m ŋ l b d g v ð z ɮ dɮ ʔ n w r y æ a i ɪ e ɛ ʌ ɔ ə u o Words that have significant phonetic overlap will both activate to an acoustic stimulus. captain captive activation kæptɪn activation kæptɪv time time 40

41 So we have two types of relationships: phonetic and semantic p t k f θ s ʃ tʃ h m ŋ l b d g v ð z ɮ dɮ ʔ n w r y æ a i ɪ e ɛ ʌ ɔ ə u o animal Words that are semantically related will be activated even if they don t share phonetic properties. jungle tiger lion 41