Pediatric Otolaryngology for the Clinician

Transcription

1 Pediatric Otolaryngology for the Clinician

2 Ron B. Mitchell Kevin D. Pereira Editors Pediatric Otolaryngology for the Clinician

3 Editors Ron B. Mitchell, MD Professor and Director of Pediatric Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Cardinal Glennon Children s Medical Center Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO USA rmitch11@slu.edu Kevin D. Pereira, MD Professor and Director of Pediatric Otolaryngology Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD USA kevindpereira@gmail.com ISBN e-isbn DOI / Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: Humana Press, a part of Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, c/o Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

4 Foreword Since the early part of the 20th century there have been individuals with expertise and a very strong interest in pediatric otolaryngology, but the field has really emerged as a comprehensive specialty over the last 20 to 30 years. During this time we have seen the development of specialties within the general field of pediatric otolaryngology such as laryngotracheal reconstruction, hearing disorders, swallowing dysfunction, and sleep disorders in children. There have been several pre-eminent textbooks written that address the field of pediatric otolaryngology; the current book, edited by Ron Mitchell and Kevin Pereira, brings the field together in a practical and accessible way for the clinician whether they be a pediatrician or an otolaryngologist. It provides practical clinical approaches to the treatment of external, middle ear and hearing disorders. In t e section on rhinology, the topics of trauma, epistaxis, nasal obstruction, allergic rhinitis, and acute and chronic rhinosinusitis are discussed. In a comprehensive section on the head and neck, a full range of disorders is covered from congenital neck masses, chronic cough, and adenotonsillar disease to evaluation of stridor. Treatment by tracheotomy and evaluation of sleep disordered breathing are also discussed in this section. The section on emergencies in pediatric otolaryngology includes chapters on foreign bodies, infections in the neck, acute complications of otitis media and complications of sinusitis. We hope that this book will become a well-worn clinical resource for busy clinicians who see children with these disorders. Robert W. Wilmott, MD IMMUNO Professor and Chair Saint Louis University St. Louis, MO v

5 Preface Pediatric Otolaryngology for the Clinician is a user-friendly book directed at practicing general otolaryngologists, pediatricians, and family practice physicians. It will also be of interest to otolaryngology and pediatric residents, medical students, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants. However, all clinicians treating children with ear, nose, and throat disorders will find it a useful reference. The book is both comprehensive and easy to follow. It will provide an overview of the main aspects of pediatric otolaryngology and highlight the important clinical facets of care of a child with ear, nose, and throat problems. Over the last 20 years, pediatric otolaryngology has become a recognized subspecialty within otolaryngology head and neck surgery. The care of children with ear, nose, and throat problems has become more complex. The book is divided into five sections: general ENT topics, otology, rhinology, head and neck disorders, and emergencies. The chapters within each section were written by recognized experts in their respective fields. However, each chapter is short, informative, and self-contained. The book will act as a quick reference guide on a variety of topics such as antibiotic treatment of ear infections, sleep disorders in children, cochlear implantation, airway management, and many more topics. It was designed to be a source of succinct information for use in a busy pediatric clinic. We would like to extend our thanks to the many authors who have devoted an extensive amount of time to the development of this book. Our thanks to Casey Critchlow of Saint Louis University and Cardinal Glennon Children s Medical Center for the endless hours she has spent in making this book a reality. We would also like to thank Humana Press/Springer for their commitment to publishing this book. This book would have remained an unfulfilled dream if not for the support of our spouses Lauren Mitchell and Iona Pereira and our children who allowed us the many nights and weekends spent writing and editing this book. Ron B. Mitchell St. Louis, MO Kevin D. Pereira Baltimore, MD vii

6 Contents General Antibiotic Therapy for Acute Otitis, Rhinosinusitis, and Pharyngotonsillitis... 3 Michael E. Pichichero Pediatric Hearing Assessment Stanton Jones Speech, Voice and, Swallowing Assessment Jean E. Ashland Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections of the Head and Neck in Children Tulio A. Valdez and Alexander J. Osborn Polysomnography in Children Cindy Jon Otology External Otitis Marc C. Thorne and Ralph F. Wetmore Diagnosis and Management of Otitis Media Margaretha L. Casselbrant and Ellen M. Mandel Tympanostomy Tubes and Otorrhea Peter S. Roland and Tyler W. Scoresby Chronic Disorders of the Middle Ear and Mastoid (Tympanic Membrane Perforations and Cholesteatoma) C.Y. Joseph Chang Congenital Hearing Loss (Sensorineural and Conductive) Anthony A. Mikulec ix

7 x Contents Implantable Hearing Devices Yisgav Shapira and Thomas J. Balkany Rhinology Pediatric Facial Fractures T.J. O-Lee and Peter J. Koltai Pediatric Epistaxis Cherie L. Booth and K. Christopher McMains Nasal Obstruction in the Neonate Stacey Leigh Smith and Kevin D. Pereira The Pediatric Allergic Nose Thomas Sanford Acute and Chronic Rhinosinusitis Zoukaa Sargi and Ramzi Younis The Head and Neck Congenital Head and Neck Masses John P. Maddolozzo, Sandra Koterski, James W. Schroeder, Jr., and Hau Sin Wong Pediatric Stridor David J. Brown Inflammatory Disorders of the Pediatric Airway Alessandro de Alarcon and Charles M. Myer III Tracheostomy in Children Emily F. Rudnick and Ron B. Mitchell Cleft Lip and Palate Kathleen Wasylik and James Sidman Cough Samantha Anne and Robert F. Yellon Hoarseness in Children Craig S. Derkay and Stephen M. Wold Adenotonsillar Disease David H. Darrow and Nathan A. Kludt Sleep-Disordered Breathing (SDB) in Children Ron B. Mitchell

8 Contents xi Pediatric Vascular Tumors Scott C. Manning and Jonathan A. Perkins Emergencies in Pediatric Otolaryngology Foreign Body Management Harlan Muntz Deep Space Neck Infections in the Pediatric Population Ryan Raju and G. Paul Digoy Complications of Acute Otitis Media Kelley M. Dodson and Angela Peng Complications of Sinusitis Rodney Lusk Index

9 Contributors Samantha Anne, M.D. Fellow, Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA Jean E. Ashland, PhD, CCC-SLP Speech Language Pathologist, Department of Speech Language and Swallowing Disorders, Division of Patient Care Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA Thomas J. Balkany, M.D. FACS, FAAP Hotchkiss Professor and Chairman, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Ear Institute, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL Cherie L. Booth, M.D. Resident, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX David Brown, M.D. Assistant Professor, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Children s Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. Margaretha Casselbrant, M.D. Professor and Chair, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA C.Y. Joseph Chang, M.D., F.A.C.S. Clinical Professor and Director, Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Texas Ear Center, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, TX David Darrow, M.D., D.D.S. Professor of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA Alessandro de Alarcon, M.D. Fellow, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children s Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH xiii

10 xiv Contributors Craig S. Derkay, M.D. Professor of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA Paul Digoy, M.D. Assistant Professor and Director of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK Kelley Dodson, M.D. Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology HNS, Department of Otolaryngology HNS, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA. Cindy Jon, M.D. Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX Stanton Jones, AuD. Director, Cochlear Implant Program, Department of Otolarynolgoy Head and Neck Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO Nathan Kludt, M.D. Resident, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA Peter J. Koltai, M.D. Professor, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford, CA Sandra Koterski, M.D. Resident, Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children s Memorial Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL Rodney Lusk, M.D. Director, Boys Town ENT Institute, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE John P. Maddolozzo, M.D., FACS, FAAP Associate Professor, Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children s Memorial Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL Ellen M. Mandel, M.D. Associate Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA Scott Manning, M.D. Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, Chief, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children s Hospital and Regional Medical Center Seattle, University of Washington, Seattle, WA

11 Contributors xv K. Christopher McMains, M.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX Ron B. Mitchell, M.D. Professor and Director of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Cardinal Glennon Children s Medical Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO Anthony Mikulec, M.D. Associate Professor and Chief, Otologic and Neurotologic Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO Harlan Muntz, M.D. Professor of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Chief of Pediatric Otolaryngology. The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT Charles M. Myer, III, M.D. Professor, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children s Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH T.J. O-Lee, M.D. Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV Alexander J. Osborn, M.D. Resident, Bobby Alford Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX Angela Peng, M.D. Resident, Department of Otolaryngology HNS, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA Kevin D. Pereira, M.D. Professor and Director of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology H&N Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD Jonathan A. Perkins, D.O. Associate Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, Director, Vascular Anomalies Service, Children s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Michael E. Pichichero, M.D. Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY Ryan Raju, M.D., MBA Resident, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK

12 xvi Contributors Peter S. Roland, M.D. Arthur E. Meyerhoff Professor and Chairman, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX Emily Rudnick, M.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD Thomas Sanford, M.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO Zoukas Sargi, M.D. Assistant Professor of Clinical Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL James W. Schroeder, Jr., M.D. Clinical Instructor, Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children s Memorial Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL Tyler W. Scoresby, M.D. Resident, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX Yisgav Shapira, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Israel James Sidman, M.D. Associate Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, Children s Hospitals and Clinics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN Stacey Leigh Smith, M.D. Resident, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX Marc C. Thorne, M.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI Tulio Valdez, M.D. Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology, Texas Children s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX Kathleen Wasylik M.D. Pediatric Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Associates, St. Petersburg, FL

13 Contributors xvii Ralph F. Wetmore, M.D. E. M. Newlin Professor and Director of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology and Human Communication, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, The Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA Stephen M. Wold, M.D. Resident, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA Hau Sin Wong, M.D. Assistant Professor, Children s Hospital of Orange County, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA Robert F. Yellon, M.D. Associate Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA Ramzi Younis, M.D. Professor and Chief of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL