Dementia: A Comprehensive Update Neuroimaging, CSF, and genetic biomarkers in dementia

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1 Dementia: A Comprehensive Update 2016 Neuroimaging, CSF, and genetic biomarkers in dementia Bradford C. Dickerson, M.D. Associate Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry Alzheimer s Disease Research Center & Frontotemporal Dementia Unit Massachusetts General Hospital Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu

2 Progression of Alzheimer s Disease: similar model for many other diseases Presymptomatic Prodromal Cognitive Function Clinical Dementia Mild Probable Cognitive Alzheimer s Impairment Disease Accumulating pathology Disease Progression

3 Roles of biomarkers in dementia: Clinical practice, 2016 Clinical Status Symptoms Signs Brain Anatomy Brain Physiology CT/MRI: Identification of regional atrophy Brain Pathology SPECT/FDG-PET: Identification of regional reductions in function CT/MRI: Indicators of brain pathology CSF biomarkers Molecular imaging

4 April 2011: New diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer s Disease Preclinical AD MCI: High likelihood AD AD Dementia Cognitive Function Mild Probable Cognitive Alzheimer s Impairment Disease Biomarkers consistent with AD pathophysiology Accumulating pathology Disease Progression

5 Illustrative cases Case 1 72yo with gradually progressive impairment of memory, orientation, and judgement and problem-solving; neuropsych testing showed amnesia, executive dysfunction, and visuospatial impairment Case 2 54yo with gradually progressive changes in judgment and decision-making, social and interpersonal behavior, and language; neuropsych testing showed executive dysfunction, anomia with sparing of memory and visuospatial function Case 3 52yo with gradually progressive difficulties with judgement and problem-solving and high-level verbal skills, lack of insight; neuropsych testing showed executive dysfunction with sparing of memory, language, and visuospatial function

6 Roles of biomarkers in dementia: Clinical practice, 2016 Clinical Status Symptoms Signs Brain Anatomy Brain Physiology CT/MRI: Identification of brain pathology Brain Pathology

7 Structural measures of pathology or abnormal neuroanatomy in dementias Identification of contributors to cognitive/ behavioral impairment A variety of types of brain pathology can cause various forms of dementia, including cerebrovascular disease, tumor, and other lesions These are relatively uncommon in typical cases but should be surveyed Identification of changes consistent with neurodegeneration Careful visual inspection of clinical anatomical brain MRI can reveal patterns consistent with specific neurodegenerative diseases

8 Cerebrovascular disease CT MRI-FLAIR MRI-T2 O Brien et al, Adv Psych Tr 6:109-19;2000

9 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus dementia, ataxia, incontinence SAH/meningitis history? enlarged ventricles out of proportion to sulci relatively uncommon surgical management? efficacy is controversial

10 Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease 9 weeks 51 y/o woman with rapidly progressive cognitive impairment and gait ataxia, developed intermittant jerking motions of both arms and legs, and expired 4 months after the first symptoms developed.

11 Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease 53 y/o man with rapidly progressive cognitive impairment

12 Roles of biomarkers in dementia: Clinical practice, 2016 Clinical Status Symptoms Signs Brain Anatomy Brain Physiology CT/MRI: Identification of regional atrophy Brain Pathology

13 Alzheimer s Disease: MTL & temporoparietal atrophy

14 Alzheimer s Disease: MTL & temporoparietal atrophy

15 Alzheimer s Disease: MTL & temporoparietal atrophy

16 FTD: Frontal & anterior temporal atrophy (spares parietal)

17 PPA--semantic: Left anterior temporal

18 PPA--nonfluent: Left frontoinsular atrophy (spares temporal)

19 PPA: Left anterior temporal atrophy (spares frontal)

20 Posterior Cortical Atrophy: Parietal atrophy

21 PCA: Parietal atrophy (spares temporal)

22 PCA: Parietal atrophy (spares frontal)

23 PCA: Parietal atrophy (spares frontal)

24 Progressive supranuclear palsy: Midbrain atrophy PD PSP MSA-P Oba H et al., Neurology 2005

25 Use of Volumetrics in the Clinic

26 Roles of biomarkers in dementia: Clinical practice, 2016 Clinical Status Symptoms Signs Brain Anatomy Brain Physiology Brain Pathology FDG-PET/SPECT: Identification of regional reductions in function

27 FDG-PET: glucose metabolism major use in clinical dementia: AD vs. FTD Normal Aging Alzheimer s FTD

28 Aging, MCI, AD: FDG-PET Cognitively intact older adult Mild Cognitive Impairment Alzheimer s Disease

29 FDG-PET: glucose metabolism: DLB, CBD CBD Normal temporoparietal, occipital metabolism DLB Temporoparietal hypometabolism, occipital hypometabolism

30 FDG-PET: glucose metabolism: DLB, CBD CBD Asymmetric perirolandic (posterior frontal, anterior parietal) hypometabolism DLB Temporoparietal hypometabolism, occipital hypometabolism

31 FDG- PET in Normal Aging, MCI, AD, and FTD NL MCI pad ftd NL = normal; pad = prodromal Alzheimer s disease; ftd = frontotemporal demenla. AD- demenla Cog NL APOE4 carriers

32 Roles of biomarkers in dementia: Clinical practice, 2016 Clinical Status Symptoms Signs Brain Anatomy Brain Physiology Brain Pathology SPECT/PET: Measures of neurotranmitter system function CSF biomarkers (Molecular imaging)

33 Amyloid imaging with PET Pittsburgh Compound-B (PIB) Alzheimer s disease Normal aging

34

35 Presymptomatic Alzheimer s Disease Amyloid imaging with PET 55 y/o PS1 Carrier DM 60 y/o Normal Control

36 F18 Amyloid Imaging Tracers Flutemetamol1 Florbetapir2 AD NL F- 18 Amyloid Tracers Florbetaben3 Navidea NAV46944 AD NL 1. Vandenberghe R et al. Ann Neurol. 2010;68: Barthel H et al. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10: Wong DF et al. J Nucl Med. 2010;51: Chen K et al. Alzheimers Dement. 2012;8(4 suppl):p14(abstract IC- P- 011).

37 Amyloid Imaging Correlates With Amyloid Pathology F18-AV-45 PET Visual Read AV45 SUVr Amyloid Staining (4G8 antibody) Amyloid Burden (Quant IHC) (%) Neuropathologic Diagnosis MCI Normal brain AD Tangles only PDD AD with cortical Lewy bodies AD AD AD AD AD AD SUVr = standard uptake value ralo; PDD = Parkinson s disease demenla; HC = healthy control. Fleisher AS. Neurology. 2009;74(9, suppl 2);abstract 1165AAN1OD1. Clark CM et al. JAMA. 2011;305:

38 InterpreLng Amyloid PET Scans Negative Positive A A C D C D B B Amyvid florbetapir F 18 injeclon prescribing informalon. Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, revised Available at hgp://pi.lilly.com/ us/amyvid- uspi.pdf

39 Jansen WJ, JAMA, 2015

40 Amyloid Imaging Taskforce Appropriate- Use Criteria Amyloid imaging is appropriate in the following situalons. 1. A cogni6ve complaint with objec6vely confirmed impairment 2. Performed only aber full standard workup is completed Structured clinical evalua6on with objec6ve neurocogni6ve tes6ng Structural brain imaging Relevant laboratory tests 3. AD is a possible diagnosis, but it is uncertain. 4. Knowledge of Aβ pathology would increase diagnos6c certainty and alter management. 5. Should only be ordered by experts in demen6a Specialty training and a prac6ce with 25% demen6a care Geriatric/behavioral psychiatry and neurology Johnson KA et al. Alzheimers Dement Jan;9:e1- e16. Johnson KA et al. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:

41 Inappropriate Use of Amyloid PET Imaging Amyloid PET imaging is inappropriate: 1. For evalua6on of individuals without cogni6ve complaints; however, preclinical AD may become an indica6on for amyloid Imaging if preven6ve treatments are proved to be effec6ve. 2. When standard recommended clinical diagnos6c tes6ng has not been ordered for ini6al assessment. 3. As a stand- alone diagnos6c for AD demen6a. 4. To assess disease progression. Johnson KA et al. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:e1- e16. Johnson KA et al. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:

42 Imaging DemenLa Evidence for Amyloid PET Scanning: IDEAS Study study.org ParLcipants: 18,488 Medicare beneficiaries mee6ng specific AUC* enrolled over 24 months at US sites as part of a CMS CED research program. Aim 1: assess impact of amyloid PET on short- term pa6ent management. Aim 2: compare medical outcomes at 12 months for pa6ents enrolled in the study with a matched control cohort of pa6ents who have never undergone amyloid PET. based on Medicare claims data imaging *Amyloid PET should only be considered in palents with clear, measurable cognilve deficits when there is substanlal diagnoslc uncertainty amer a comprehensive evalualon by a demenla specialist); AUC = appropriate use criteria; CMS = Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; CED = Coverage with Evidence Development. Johnson KA et al. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:e1- e16.

43 Tau PET Imaging (11C- PBB3) Maruyama M et al. Neuron. 2013;79:

44 Dopaminergic Function (DAT) AD Parkinson s Disease DLB

45 Cerebrospinal fluid markers Alzheimer s Disease Abeta 1-42 reduced in AD Total-tau elevated in AD as well as other disorders Phospho-tau elevated specifically in AD Other neurodegenerative disorders FTD DLB

46 Illustrative cases Case 1 72yo with gradually progressive impairment of memory, orientation, and judgement and problem-solving; neuropsych testing showed amnesia, executive dysfunction, and visuospatial impairment Case 2 54yo with gradually progressive changes in judgment and decision-making, social and interpersonal behavior, and language; neuropsych testing showed executive dysfunction, anomia with sparing of memory and visuospatial function Case 3 52yo with gradually progressive difficulties with judgement and problem-solving and high-level verbal skills, lack of insight; neuropsych testing showed executive dysfunction with sparing of memory, language, and visuospatial function

47 Case 1

48 Illustrative cases Case 1 72yo with gradually progressive impairment of memory, orientation, and judgement and problem-solving; neuropsych testing showed amnesia, executive dysfunction, and visuospatial impairment Case 2 54yo with gradually progressive changes in judgment and decision-making, social and interpersonal behavior, and language; neuropsych testing showed executive dysfunction, anomia with sparing of memory and visuospatial function Case 3 52yo with gradually progressive difficulties with judgement and problem-solving and high-level verbal skills, lack of insight; neuropsych testing showed executive dysfunction with sparing of memory, language, and visuospatial function

49 Case 2

50 Case 2

51 A CSF amyloid- β level B CSF tau level

52 CSF amyloid- β level (pg/ml) Consistent with AD pathology Aβ = 255; bau = 459; ptau = 77 CSF tau level (pg/ml)

53 Illustrative cases Case 1 72yo with gradually progressive impairment of memory, orientation, and judgement and problem-solving; neuropsych testing showed amnesia, executive dysfunction, and visuospatial impairment Case 2 54yo with gradually progressive changes in judgment and decision-making, social and interpersonal behavior, and language; neuropsych testing showed executive dysfunction, anomia with sparing of memory and visuospatial function Case 3 52yo with gradually progressive difficulties with judgement and problem-solving and high-level verbal skills, lack of insight; neuropsych testing showed executive dysfunction with sparing of memory, language, and visuospatial function

54 Case 3 FDG-PET PiB-PET

55 Genetic testing What genes? Early onset AD (PS1 >> PS2, APP) FTD (MAPT, PGRN, C9ORF, FUS) Whom to test? How to perform testing

56 Case example 39 y female with 2 year history of gradually progressive dementia Predominantly executive dysfunction, lesser degree of memory impairment Father with clinical diagnosis of Pick s disease, onset in early 50s, died at 57, no autopsy

57 39y female Relatively mild MTL atrophy

58 39y female Prominent temporoparietal atrophy

59 Temporoparietal hypometabolism 39y female: FDG-PET

60 Case example 39 y female with 2 year history of gradually progressive dementia Predominantly executive dysfunction, lesser degree of memory impairment Father with clinical diagnosis of Pick s disease, onset in early 50s, died at 57, no autopsy Genetic testing revealed mutation in Presenilin 1 Autopsy (age 44) revealed AD pathology

61 Williamson J et al., Neurologist, 2009

62 Roles of biomarkers in dementia evaluation: Clinical practice, 2016 Routine MRI Important first step to evaluate for various forms of pathology High-resolution MRI with thin coronal cuts Useful for identifying specific atrophy patterns Functional brain studies: FDG-PET or SPECT Differential diagnosis of AD vs. FTD Useful for identifying many other patterns In the eye of the beholder : Look at your scans personally! CSF study: To evaluate for evidence of AD pathobiology Genetic testing: For diagnostic purposes particularly in early onset dementias

63 Looking ahead: Future uses of biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases Early diagnosis of mildly symptomatic individuals More confident diagnosis of atypical cases Risk assessment in asymptomatic individuals? Identification of candidates for clinical trials Predicting effects of treatment Monitoring of effects of treatment

64 Progression of neurodegenerative diseases Presymptomatic Prodromal Neurologic Function Clinical Disease Disease Progression

65 Progression of neurodegenerative diseases Presymptomatic Prodromal Neurologic Function Clinical Disease Accumulating pathology Disease Progression

66 Progression of neurodegenerative diseases Presymptomatic Prodromal Regional brain volume Neurologic Function Clinical Disease Accumulating pathology Disease Progression

67 Progression of neurodegenerative diseases Presymptomatic Prodromal Regional brain volume Hypometabolism Neurologic Function Clinical Disease Accumulating pathology Disease Progression

68 Progression of neurodegenerative diseases Presymptomatic Prodromal Neurologic Function Diseasemodifying therapy Clinical Disease Accumulating pathology Disease Progression

69 Progression of neurodegenerative diseases Presymptomatic Prodromal Neurologic Function Diseasemodifying therapy Clinical Disease Disease Progression

70 Progression of neurodegenerative diseases Presymptomatic Prodromal Neurologic Function Diseasemodifying therapy Clinical Disease Disease Progression

71 Progression of neurodegenerative diseases Presymptomatic Prodromal Neurologic Function Diseasemodifying therapy Clinical Disease Disease Progression

72 Thanks! Support National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Mental Health, Alzheimer s Association,