Chapter 13 Forensic Anthropology: What We Learn from Bones By the end of this chapter you will be able to:
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1 Chapter 13 Frensic Anthrplgy: What We Learn frm Bnes By the end f this chapter yu will be able t: Describe hw bne is frmed Distinguish between male and female skeletal remains Explain hw bnes cntain a recrd f injuries and disease 1 All Rights Reserved Suth-Western / Cengage Learning 2012, 2009 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
2 Chapter 13 Frensic Anthrplgy: What We Learn frm Bnes By the end f this chapter yu will be able t: Describe hw a persn s apprximate age culd be determined Explain the differences in facial structures amng races Discuss the rle f mitchndrial DNA in bne identificatin 2 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
3 Frensic Anthrplgy Anthrplgy the scientific study f all aspects f human develpment and interactin Physical anthrplgy studies human differences Frensic anthrplgy studies these identifying characteristics n the remains f an individual 3 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
4 Histrical Develpment 1800s scientists begin studying skulls, differences in male/female anatmy, bne frmatin 1897 Leutgert murder case: sausage maker s wife murdered; bne fragments fund in his factry 1932 the FBI pens the first crime lab Smithsnian Institutin partners with FBI 4 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
5 Histrical Develpment 1939 William Krgman publishes Guide t the Identificatin f Human Skeletal Material Sldiers killed in Wrld War II are identified using anthrplgic techniques DNA new tl t analyze skeletns. Fcuses n mitchndrial DNA 5 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
6 Characteristics f Bne Bnes are alive capable f grwth and repair Marrw creates bld cells Hrmnes affect the amunt f calcium in the bld and bnes 6 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
7 Develpment f Bne 7 Osteblast cells where bnes riginate Eventually becme Ostecytes (mature bne cells) Ossificatin prcess where steblast cells migrate t the center f cartilage prductin and depsit minerals Begins during the first few weeks f pregnancy Peristeum prtective layer f nerves and bld vessels. Keeps bnes mist and aids in repair Life cycle bne is depsited, breaks dwn, and replaced thrughut ur lives
8 8 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
9 Develpment f Bne Osteclasts the 2 nd type f bne cell Specialized t disslve bne Allws bnes t reshape as they grw Balances calcium levels in bld Remves cellular wastes and debris frm bnes Remves damaged part f bne Osteprsis a deficiency f calcium in the bnes 9 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
10 Hw Bnes Cnnect cartilage wraps the ends f bnes fr prtectin and prevents scraping 10 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
11 Hw Bnes Cnnect ligaments bands that cnnect tw r mre bnes tgether 11 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
12 Hw Bnes Cnnect tendns cnnect muscle t bne 12 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
13 Aging f Bne 13 Under 30 years f age Bne tissue is built faster than it is brken dwn bnes increase in size Over 30 Bnes deterirate faster than they are built Exercise slws deteriratin, makes bnes mre dense Bnes can becme frail and brittle withut enugh calcium Peple hunch and shrink as their vertebrae cllapse Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
14 What Bnes Can Tell Us 14 Ostebigraphy bnes cntain a recrd f the physical life Analyzing bnes reveals clues t gender, age, height, and health Examples: In a right-handed persn, right arm bnes might be slightly larger than the bnes f the left arm X-rays may identify prir fractures, pins, artificial jints Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
15 Gender Female Male Smther (Gracile) Thicker, rugher (Rbust) Larger muscles require strnger attachment f tendns, makes bnes appear bumpy Skull is mre massive 15
16 Gender Skull Male Characteristics Trait Female Characteristics Mre square Shape f eye Mre runded Mre square Thick and larger Mandible shape frm underside Upper brw ridge Mre V-shaped Thin and smaller 16 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
17 Gender Skull Male Characteristics Trait Female Characteristics Present Occipital Absent prtuberance Lw and slping Frntal bne Higher and mre runded Rugh and bumpy Straight Rugh and bumpy Surface f skull Ramus f mandible Nuchal crest Smth Slanting Smth 17 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
18 Gender Skull 18 Which skull is smther? Which frntal bne is lwer and slping? Which rbits are mre circular? Which jaw is mre square, with an angle that is clser t 90?
19 19 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
20 Gender Pelvis 20 An easy methd t determine gender The surface f a wman s pelvis can be scared The sub pubic angle f the female pelvis is greater than 90 ; the male s, less Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
21 Gender-pelvis Female pelvic cavity is val shaped, male pelvic cavity is heart shaped Female sacrum is tilted back, male is tilted frward 21 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
22 Gender Thigh bnes The male femur is thicker and jins the pelvis at a straighter angle than the female femur 22 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
23 Determining Age f the bnes Certain bnes can reveal age Absence r presence f cartilage Nt all bnes mature at the same time Must use a range f bnes fr a mre accurate assessment f age 23 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
24 Surface f Pubic symphysis Where the tw pubic bnes jin Surface f the bnes at this jint change ver time Frensic anthrplgists cmpare casts f bnes frm peple f knwn ages 24 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
25 Age Skull Infants have a sft spt (fntanel) that slwly ssifies By abut age 30, the Lambidal suture at the back f the skull clses (begins at 21, accelerates at 26) By abut age 32, the Sagittal suture running acrss the tp f the skull, back t frnt, clses 25 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13 By abut age 50, the Crnal suture running side t side ver the tp f the skull, near the frnt, clses Nt very reliable, must be used in cnjunctin with ther parts f the skeletn
26 26 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
27 Age At birth 450+ bnes in the skeletn Adults 206 bnes Epiphysis line appears where cartilage is replaced by bne When the cartilage is fully replaced, the line is n lnger visible This infrmatin can be used t apprximate a skeletn s age 27 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
28 Age in children Eruptin f teeth is mst accurate Presence f wrist bnes 28 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
29 Age Epiphysis 29 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
30 Age Epiphysis 30 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
31 Height An estimate f height can be made by measuring ne f the lng bnes Gender and race is taken int cnsideratin 31 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
32 Hw t Distinguish Race 32 Shape f the eye sckets Absence r presence f a nasal spine Measurements f the nasal index (width f nasal pening : height f nasal pening) Prgnathism (hw far the upper jaw Prjects beynd the lwer jaw Width f the face Angulatin f the jaw and face Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
33 Facial Recnstructin Facial muscles fllw the cntur f the skull A face can be rebuilt frm just skeletal remains Facial markers are psitined at critical lcatins Clay is cntured t fllw the height f the markers Cmputer prgrams perfrm a similar functin Cmputer prgrams als can age missing persns and criminals 33 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
34 DNA Evidence Bne cntains little nuclear DNA but it des cntain mitchndrial DNA Nuclear DNA degenerates befre mitchndrial DNA Mitchndrial DNA is inherited nly frm the mther Cmpare results with living relatives n the mther s side f the family 34 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
35 Skeletal Trauma Analysis 35 Frensic anthrplgists determine if damage t bnes ccurred befre r after death Differentiate between trauma and envirnmental/animal damage Distinct patterns exist fr damage by Envirnment chew marks frm animals Sharp-frce trauma what kind f mark d yu think a knife wuld leave? Blunt-frce trauma mre cracks radiating frm site f impact, mre damage t bnes Gunsht wunds
36 Gun sht wund 36 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
37 37 Sharp frce trauma
38 c/activity/evidence_f_trauma.htm ma.html 38 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 13
Chapter 13 Forensic Anthropology: What We Learn from Bones By the end of this chapter you will be able to:
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