STUDENT PACKET. Vocabulary: biological evolution, camouflage, Industrial Revolution, lichen, morph, natural selection, peppered moth

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organisms. (Also Assesses SC.7.L.15.1, SC.7.L.15.3).

1 STUDENT PACKET Name: Date: Reporting Category: Life Science Benchmark: SC.7.L.15.2: Explore the scientific theory of evolution by recognizing and explaining ways in which genetic variation and environmental factors contribute to evolution by natural selection and diversity of organisms. (Also Assesses SC.7.L.15.1, SC.7.L.15.3). Gizmo Topic: Natural Selection Vocabulary: biological evolution, camouflage, Industrial Revolution, lichen, morph, natural selection, peppered moth Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) Gizmo Warm-up The Natural Selection Gizmo allows you to play the role of a bird feeding on peppered moths. The initial population of 40 moths is scattered over 20 tree trunks. Click on moths to capture them. Click the Next tree button or hit the spacebar on your keyboard to advance to the next tree. 1. Check that LIGHT TREES is selected. Click Start and hunt moths for one year. A. How many dark moths did you capture? The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is a common moth found in Europe, Asia, and North America. It is commonly found in two forms, or morphs: a dark morph and a light, speckled morph. Birds are a frequent predator of the peppered moth. 1. Which morph do you think would be easier to see on a dark tree trunk? 2. Which morph do you think would be easier to see on a light tree trunk? B. How many light moths did you capture? How many moths can you find? C. Camouflage is coloring or patterns that help an organism to blend in with the background. Which type of moth is better camouflaged on light bark? Science Saturday Enrichment Tutorial Page 1

2 2. If a forest contained mostly light-colored trees, which type of moth would you expect to be most common? Activity A: Light trees Get the Gizmo ready: Click Reset. Check that the LIGHT TREES tab is selected. Introduction: Before the 19 th century in England, the air was very clean. The bark on trees was usually light in color. Abundant lichens growing on tree trunks also lightened their appearance. Question: How does the color of a peppered moth affect survival? 1. Predict: Over time, what will to happen to the populations of light and dark moths on light trees? 2. Experiment: Click Start and hunt peppered moths on light tree trunks for five years. In each year, try to capture as many moths as you can. (Hint: Use the spacebar on your keyboard to advance to the next tree.) After 5 years, select the TABLE tab and record the percentages of each moth type. (Note: The table shows current populations of each moth, not the number of captured moths.) Year Dark moths Light moths Analyze: What do your results show? 2. Apply: Which type of moth do you think was more common before the 19 th century, when most trees were light in color? _ 3. Extend your thinking: What strategies did you use to hunt for moths? Science Saturday Enrichment Tutorial Page 2

3 Activity B: Dark trees Get the Gizmo ready: Click Reset. Select the DARK TREES tab. Introduction: The 19 th century was the time of the Industrial Revolution in England. Most of the new industries used coal for energy, and the air was polluted with black soot. In forests near factories, the soot coated trees and killed lichens. As a result, tree trunks became darker. Question: How did air pollution affect moth populations? 1. Predict: Over time, what will to happen to the populations of light and dark moths on dark trees? 2. Experiment: Click Start and hunt peppered moths on dark tree trunks for five years. In each year, try to capture as many moths as you can. (Hint: You can use the spacebar on your keyboard to advance to the next tree.) When you are done, select the TABLE tab and record the percentages of each moth type. Year Dark moths Light moths Analyze: What do your results show? 4. Apply: Which type of moth do you think was more common during the 19 th century? Why? 5. Draw conclusions: Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits tend to increase in frequency over time. How does this experiment illustrate natural selection? Science Saturday Enrichment Tutorial Page 3

4 6. Think and discuss: Did the changes you observed in the moth populations result from individual moths changing colors? Or did they occur because the best-hidden moths survived and reproduced, passing on their colors to their offspring? Explain your answer. 7. Extend your thinking: Biological evolution is the process by which populations of organisms change over time. How could natural selection lead to evolution? If possible, discuss your answer with your classmates and teacher Science Saturday Enrichment Tutorial Page 4

5 EXTENSION STUDENT VERSION NAME _ DATE Reporting Category: Life Science Benchmark: SC.7.L.15.2: Explore the scientific theory of evolution by recognizing and explaining ways in which genetic variation and environmental factors contribute to evolution by natural selection and diversity of organisms. (Also Assesses SC.7.L.15.1, SC.7.L.15.3) ACTIVITY 1 -Can You Spot all the Moths and Butterflies? Source: Adapted from Gizmo Teacher Guide and Prentice Hall, Environmental Science, p. 31. Step 1: Receive materials: colored pencils/crayons/markers, scissors, and tape. Step 2: Choose a spot where you will place your animal. Step 3: Create your camouflaged moth or butterfly. You may design it to be camouflaged anywhere in the classroom (or hallway), as long as it is in plain view (no taping moths underneath the desks). Step 4: Tape butterfly or moth to the selected spots. Step 5: Once all the moths have been placed in the room, invite visitors to the classroom to hunt for moths. Give each visitor 60 seconds to find as many moths as he or she can. Keep track of how many moths each visitor catches, and how many times each hidden moth was found. At the end of the project, discuss which visitors and moths would be most likely to survive in the wild. ACTIVITY 2 Peppered Moth Simulation Create your own peppered moth simulation using newspaper and black construction paper. Have students work in pairs. Step 1: Cut out moth shapes from newspaper and from black or brown construction paper. Step 2: Receive newspaper and a sheet of black construction paper to use as backgrounds. Step 3: For each pair, designate a hunter and an arranger. The hunter turns her back while the arranger scatters a random number of each kind of moth on the newspaper background. When this is done, the hunter turns around and counts how many light and dark moths she sees. Repeat this test several times, and then switch to the dark background. Switch roles so that each partner has a chance to be the hunter. Step 4: When all the data has been collected, discuss the class results. Which moths Were easiest to spot and hardest to spot?, Which hunters were the best at finding hidden moths?_ Science Saturday Enrichment Tutorial Page 5

6 ACTIVITY 3 Food Gathering Adaptations Step 1: Copy the problem statement: Which grasping object will pick up the most small food items in ten seconds? Step 2: Examine the grasping objects and write a hypothesis. Step 3: Scatter 2 tablespoons of bird seed on a paper plate. Empty the small box of raisins onto the plate. Step 4: Choose one of the grasping objects (tweezers, hair clip, clothes pin, chop sticks or just use fingers with thumb taped to palm with masking tape) to pick up the seeds. Step 5: Prepare a data log to record results. Make a column for the independent variable, Type of Grasping Object, and 2 columns for the dependent variables, the Number of Seeds Collected and Number of Raisins collected. Write a safety statement on the log: Do not eat items from the lab activity. Use utensils cautiously and only for gathering the food items in the lab. Step 3: Select someone to use the stopwatch. See how many seeds you can pick up and drop into a cup in 10 seconds. Record data. Step 4: See how many raisins you can pick up and drop into the cup in 10 seconds. Record data. Step 5: Use a different utensil and repeat steps 3 and 4. Conclusion: 1. What type of utensil worked best for seeds? 2. What type of utensil worked best for the raisins? _ 3. How does this activity relate to natural selection? Source: Adapted from Glencoe Florida Science level blue, page 498 and Prentice Hall, Cells and Heredity, page 143. Activity 4 Virtual Lab: How Can Natural Selection be Modeled? Step 1: Access the Glencoe online text with this address: Students should choose Florida, click on the student button and click on Science. On the next screen select Florida Programs, and then choose Grade 8. Choose Student Center on the next screen. On the left column choose Chapter 17. Finally, choose, Virtual Lab. Step 2: Select a mutation and an environmental condition and observe how the organism s trait changes as the environment changes. Study the graph that illustrates the changes (You could also copy the graph for practice). Step 3: Finally, complete or just discuss the journal questions. Activity 5 Online Vocabulary Practice and Concentration Game Access the activity as described in Activity 5. Instead of selecting Virtual Lab, select Vocabulary eflashcards. After viewing the vocabulary definitions, play Concentration to help you remember the definitions Science Saturday Enrichment Tutorial Page 6

7 ASSESSMENT NAME: _ DATE: Reporting Category: Life Science Benchmark: SC.7.L.15.2: Explore the scientific theory of evolution by recognizing and explaining ways in which genetic variation and environmental factors contribute to evolution by natural selection and diversity of organisms. (Also Assesses SC.7.L.15.1, SC.7.L.15.3) Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1 In the early 1800s, light-colored moths could be found resting on light-colored trees in England. At the beginning of the industrial revolution, the trees began to turn dark because of black soot from factories. By 1898, most of the moths found in England were dark in color. What may have enabled the dark-colored moths to survive and reproduce more than the light-colored moths? A Dark-colored moths were covered by pollution and were no longer threatened by predators. B Dark-colored moths were able to convert the soot to a chemical that was toxic to the predators. C Dark-colored moths were faster than light-colored moths and therefore able to escape predators. D Dark-colored moths were able to blend into the dark background and were not easily detected by predators. 2 Hatchling sea turtles are typically dark in color. Occasionally a sea turtle hatches that is almost white in color. When crawling from the nest on the beach to the ocean, this lightcolored sea turtle could be at risk for sunburn. The light color of the turtles would MOST likely F help the turtles have better chances at reproducing. G cause the shell of the sea turtles to become stronger. H reduce the chances of turtles surviving to reproduce. J help in the development of a new species of sea turtles. 3 In plants and animals, sexual reproduction causes variation within a species. This variation is vital to their survival. How does genetic variation affect a species' survival? A A species with variation is more easily found by predators. B A species that shows more variation will have a longer life cycle. C A species that has no variation might eventually become extinct. D A species without variation will overpopulate and produce new species Science Saturday Enrichment Tutorial Page 7

4 The table shows some characteristics of bottlenose dolphins that help calves survive and reach reproductive age. How are MOST of these characteristics acquired?

ocean 5 Animals of the same species may have difficulty recognizing each other. Which adaptation MOST likely developed to help animals recognize each other?

8 4 The table shows some characteristics of bottlenose dolphins that help calves survive and reach reproductive age. How are MOST of these characteristics acquired? F through contact with their siblings G through eating foods that are high in proteins H through genes that are inherited from their parents J through interactions with other aquatic species in the ocean 5 Animals of the same species may have difficulty recognizing each other. Which adaptation MOST likely developed to help animals recognize each other? A the ability to migrate B the ability to camouflage C the ability to produce body scents D the ability to produce body wastes 6 A scientist is predicting the type of adaptations an animal would need to survive in an environment with the characteristics shown. Which adaptations would help an animal survive in this environment? F thick fur, short appendages, and feeds on invertebrates G thick fur, short appendages, and feeds on tree leaves H thin fur, long appendages, and feeds on large prey J thin fur, long appendages, and feeds on fruit Science Saturday Enrichment Tutorial Page 8

7 The fur color of the snowshoe hare changes twice each year. In the summer it has dark fur, and in the winter it has white fur. How does this adaptation help the snowshoe hare survive?

9 7 The fur color of the snowshoe hare changes twice each year. In the summer it has dark fur, and in the winter it has white fur. How does this adaptation help the snowshoe hare survive? A The white fur absorbs more sunlight and keeps the hare warm. B The adaptation prevents predators from detecting the scent of the hare. C The dark fur reflects more sunlight and keeps the hare from being sunburned. D The adaptation allows the hare to blend into the environment and hide from predators. 8 Frogs have different adaptations that help them survive in particular areas. Under which circumstances would an adaptation be useful that allows tadpoles to go through a shortened period of metamorphosis? F when tadpoles need to swim immediately G when there is a lack of water in their environment H when there is a decrease in the number of predators J when tadpoles need to blend in with their surroundings 9 In order for frogs to reproduce, they must have characteristics that help them survive in different environments. Listed are four characteristics among different frogs. Which numbered characteristic BEST helps the frog adapt to a cool climate region? A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 10 In an area where trees are growing taller, the giraffe population must adapt if it is to survive. Which statement BEST explains how the giraffes would be able to survive and reproduce. F The genetic material for neck length within the offspring must mutate. G The trait for longer legs would have to be a response to the change in the environment. H The genetic material for smaller, shorter hind legs must exist within the giraffe population. J The trait for longer necks must exist within the population and be inherited by the offspring Science Saturday Enrichment Tutorial Page 9

10 ANTI-DISCRIMINATION POLICY Federal and State Laws The School Board of Miami-Dade County, Florida adheres to a policy of nondiscrimination in employment and educational programs/activities and strives affirmatively to provide equal opportunity for all as required by law: Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended - prohibits discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, or national origin. Title IX of the Educational Amendments of prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA), as amended - prohibits discrimination on the basis of age with respect to individuals who are at least 40. The Equal Pay Act of 1963, as amended - prohibits gender discrimination in payment of wages to women and men performing substantially equal work in the same establishment. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of prohibits discrimination against the disabled. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) - prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in employment, public service, public accommodations and telecommunications. The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) - requires covered employers to provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave to eligible employees for certain family and medical reasons. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of prohibits discrimination in employment on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions. Florida Educational Equity Act (FEEA) - prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, gender, national origin, marital status, or handicap against a student or employee. Florida Civil Rights Act of secures for all individuals within the state freedom from discrimination because of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, handicap, or marital status. Veterans are provided re-employment rights in accordance with P.L (Federal Law) and Section (Florida Statutes), which stipulates categorical preferences for employment. Revised 9/ Science Saturday Enrichment Tutorial Page 10

Winter Inquiry Land SCIENCE. Answer Key. Grade 1. Miami-Dade County Public Schools Office of Academics and Transformation

Winter Inquiry Land SCIENCE. Answer Key. Grade 1. Miami-Dade County Public Schools Office of Academics and Transformation Sir Isaac Newton Louis Pasteur Albert Einstein A SCIENCE Winter Inquiry Land Answer Key Winter 2012-2013 Miami-Dade County Public Schools THE SCHOOL BOARD OF MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA Ms. Perla Tabares