Introduction to Physiology HOMEOSTASIS. Physiology Unit 1
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1 Introduction to Physiology HOMEOSTASIS Physiology Unit 1
2 In Physiology Today Welcome to physiology! Go over course syllabus and outline in lab Stem Center Chemistry Test Wednesday Bring a scantron Introduction to physiology Homeostasis
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4 What is Life? Characteristics of Life Maintaining boundaries Movement Responsiveness to stimuli Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth and Development Homeostasis
5 Basic Requirements Oxygen Required to make ATP Where is O 2 used in the body? Water Why do we need H 2 0? Nutrients Fuel sources to make ATP Processes to maintain homeostasis
6 Body Water Compartments The majority of our body composition is water Adults 60% water 42 L of water Internal environment Intracellular fluid 28 L Extracellular Fluid Interstitial fluid 11 L Plasma 3 L
7 Homeostasis Maintaining a relatively constant internal environment, despite fluctuations in the external environment, to sustain normal physiological activity Requires the expenditure of energy
8 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Stimulus Detectable change in internal or external environment from the set point or operating point Reflexes Specific, involuntary response to specific stimulus Feedback Loop Pathway of reflex Components Sensory receptor Integrating center Effector Controlled by chemical messengers
9 Negative Feedback Loops Moves in the opposite direction toward the original value Inhibitory signals Reestablishing the set point inhibits the response Examples Body temperature regulation Hormone balance
10 Positive Feedback Loops Moves in the same direction as the initial disturbance Building effect Stimulatory signals Examples clotting cascade labor heat stroke
11 Fever: Resetting the Set Point Role of hypothalamus Controlled hyperthermia 1-2 o C ( o F) Release of pyrogens from WBC s, damaged tissues, macrophage Increased release of prostaglandins (chemical messengers) reset hypothalamus New set point is temporarily maintained Inducing heat generating mechanisms Increased muscle tone Shivering Epinephrine Mechanisms for preventing heat loss Vasoconstriction = chills Farenheit to Celcius ( o F 32) * 5/9
12 Feed Forward Regulation Anticipates changes Minimizes fluctuations in variable Ensures rapid response to change Reduces amount of deviation from set point Examples Effect of sight and smell of food on digestion Circadian rhythms
13 Local Homeostatic Responses Change stimulates alteration in cellular activity in one specific area Results: self-regulation in specific area of body
14 Biological Rhythms Circadian rhythms (24 hour cycles) Activates homeostatic mechanisms when change likely to occur Internally driven (e.g. pineal gland melatonin) Anticipatory = feed forward Types Free running rhythms Sleep/wake cycles = hours Stable rhythm cannot be established by those who work longer hours Phase shift rhythms Environmental time cues can reset internal clock (travel) Adjustment is not immediate = jet lag
15 Circadian Rhythms
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