The Contentious Politics of Disruptive Innovation: Vaping and Fracking in the European Union

Transcription

1 The Contentious Politics of Disruptive Innovation: Vaping and Fracking in the European Union Jacob Adam Hasselbalch Thèse présentée en vue de l obtention du grade académique de Docteur en Sciences Politiques et Sociales (ULB) et Doctor of Philosophy in Politics and International Studies (University of Warwick), sous la direction de M. le Professeur Jean-Frédéric Morin (ULB), codirecteur, et M. le Professeur André Broome (University of Warwick), codirecteur Année académique

2 Contents Part 1: Innovation governance: the politics of disruption 1. Introduction: disruptive innovation as a problem for politics p How disruptive innovations become political problems p Innovation politics versus the politics of innovation p Framing disruption p. 87 Part 2: Vaping and fracking in the European Union 5. The importance of first impressions: marking disruptiveness p Expertise and the framing of risk: cognitive framing strategies p The deep structure of policy debates: normative and relational framing strategies p Discourse as network: frame usage over time p Conclusion: harmony and dissonance in the governance of disruption p. 273 ii

3 Expanded table of contents List of tables and figures... vii List of abbreviations... viii Acknowledgements... xi Declaration... xiv Summary... xv PART 1: INNOVATION GOVERNANCE: THE POLITICS OF DISRUPTION Chapter 1: Introduction: disruptive innovation as a problem for politics 1.1 Introduction The Napster precedent Theoretical and methodological approach Case selection Methods and data Plan of the dissertation Original contributions Chapter 2: How disruptive innovations become political problems 2.1 Introduction Defining disruption Political and market consequences of disruptive innovation The importance of controversy How disruptive innovations challenge regulators The Collingridge dilemma Studying the Collingridge dilemma in practice Conclusion Chapter 3: Innovation politics versus the politics of innovation 3.1 Introduction Innovation politics: policy as viewed from innovation studies The politics of innovation: innovation as viewed from political science iii

4 3.3.1 The myth of the powerless state The myth of the powerless bureaucracy Experts, expertise and legitimacy in regulation Transnational settings and the European Union Conclusion Chapter 4: Framing disruption 4.1 Introduction Making sense of Collingridge dilemmas Collingridge dilemmas are not given they are constructed Collingridge dilemmas are not solved they are negotiated Framing theory Framing in political science and sociology The mechanistic versus ecological views on framing The sociology of disruption: punctuated cooperation Conclusion PART 2: VAPING AND FRACKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION Chapter 5: The importance of first impressions: marking disruptiveness 5.1 Introduction First-mover advantages in framing First impressions in the electronic cigarettes debate Regulatory gaps and how to fill them Assessing the impact of the TPD The resilience of the pharmaceutical products frame First impressions in the fracking debate Gasland and the fracking controversy Fracking encounters institutional complexity First impressions and public sentiment Conclusion iv

5 Chapter 6: Expertise and the framing of risk: cognitive framing strategies 6.1 Introduction Disruptive innovation as risk Cognitive framing strategies: precaution The uncertainty of e-cigarette science Fracking as a novel risk Cognitive framing strategies: prevention The certainty of e-cigarette science Fracking as a well-known risk Conclusion: the limits of expertise Chapter 7: The deep structure of policy debates: normative and relational framing strategies 7.1 Introduction Normative framing strategies: avoidance E-cigarettes: abstinence Fracking: avoiding fossil fuel lock-in Normative framing strategies: acceptance E-cigarettes: harm reduction Fracking: gas as a bridge fuel The limits of normative frames Relational framing strategies: trust Trust in the e-cigarette case Trust in the fracking case Relational framing strategies: mistrust Mistrust in the e-cigarette case Mistrust in the fracking case Relational tensions in framing contests Conclusion Chapter 8: Discourse as network: frame usage over time 8.1 Introduction Creating the discourse networks on e-cigarettes and fracking Discourse as network: the affiliation networks of e-cigarettes and fracking. 228 v

6 8.3 Analyzing frame usage over time Stage 1: actor networks Stage 1: concept networks Stage 2: actor networks Stage 2: concept networks Stage 3: actor networks Stage 3: concept networks Conclusion Chapter 9: Conclusion: harmony and dissonance in the governance of disruption 9.1 Introduction Theoretical implications Practical implications Opportunities for future research Contributions and conclusion REFERENCES Appendix 1: Interviewees in the e-cigarettes case Appendix 2: Interviewees in the fracking case Appendix 3: General interviewees Appendix 4: Frames used in the e-cigarettes policy debate Appendix 5: Frames used in the fracking policy debate vi

7 List of tables and figures Table 2-1. A typology of disruptive innovations p. 44 Table 2-2. The characteristics of disruptive innovation p. 47 Table 3-1. An overview of the innovation studies literature p. 60 Table 4-1. The mechanistic versus ecological logic p. 103 Table 4-2. Expectations and keys in the study of institutional change p. 111 Table 6-1. Framing strategies for coping with unknown risks p. 159 Figure 8-1. Networks of actors, affiliations and concepts p. 228 Figure 8-2a. The affiliation network of the e-cigarette policy debate p. 230 Figure 8-2b. The affiliation network of the fracking policy debate p. 231 Table 8-1. Overview of dates, article and statement numbers in each stage p. 235 of the policy debates Figure 8-3a. Stage 1 of the e-cigarette debate: actor congruence p. 238 Figure 8-3b. Stage 1 of the fracking debate: actor congruence p. 239 Figure 8-3c. Stage 1 of the e-cigarette debate: concept congruence p. 245 Figure 8-3d. Stage 1 of the fracking debate: concept congruence p. 246 Figure 8-4a. Stage 2 of the e-cigarette debate: actor congruence p. 248 Figure 8-4b. Stage 2 of the fracking debate: actor congruence p. 249 Figure 8-4c. Stage 2 of the e-cigarette debate: concept congruence p. 253 Figure 8-4d. Stage 2 of the fracking debate: concept congruence p. 254 Figure 8-5a. Stage 3 of the e-cigarette debate: actor congruence p. 258 Figure 8-5b. Stage 3 of the fracking debate: actor congruence p. 259 Figure 8-5c. Stage 3 of the e-cigarette debate: concept congruence p. 264 Figure 8-5d. Stage 3 of the fracking debate: concept congruence p. 265 vii

8 List of abbreviations ALDE ASH CPE DNA DG EC ECITA ECR EFA EFD EHN EIA ENSP ENVI EP EPHA EPP ERS EU EUL/NGL FCTC FoEE FWE GPSD GWP HEAL Alliance of Liberals and Democrats Action on Smoking and Health Comparative Political Economy Discourse Network Analyzer Directorate General European Commission Electronic Cigarette Industry Trade Association European Conservatives and Reformists European Free Alliance Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy European Heart Network Environmental Impact Assessment European Network for Smoking Prevention The European Parliament s Committee for Environment, Public Health, and Food Safety European Parliament European Public Health Alliance European People s Party European Respiratory Society European Union European United Left/Nordic Green Left Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Friends of the Earth Europe Food and Water Europe General Product Safety Directive Global warming potential Health and Environment Alliance viii

9 HVHF IEA IG IOGP IR IPCC IPE ITRE JRC LNG MEP MDD MS NCP NGO NPM NRT P2P PMI PPD R&D S&D SCENIHR Risks SFP SG SNA STP High volume hydraulic fracturing International Energy Agency Innovation governance International Organization of Oil and Gas Producers International Relations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change International Political Economy The European Parliament s Committee for Industry, Research and Energy European Commission s Joint Research Centre Liquefied Natural Gas Member of the European Parliament Medical Devices Directive European Union Member State(s) Nicotine-containing products Non-governmental organizations New Public Management Nicotine replacement therapies Peer-to-peer Philip Morris International Pharmaceutical Products Directive Research & Development Alliance of Socialists & Democrats Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Smoke Free Partnership The European Commission s Secretariat General Social network analysis Smokeless tobacco products ix

10 STS TA TPD TRA TVECA TW UK U.S. WHO WWF Science and Technology Studies Technology assessment Tobacco Products Directive Technical risk analysis Tobacco Vapor Electronic Cigarette Association Totally Wicked United Kingdom United States World Health Organization World Wide Fund for Nature x