International Smoking Statistics. Austria

Transcription

1 International Smoking Statistics Web Edition A collection of worldwide historical data Austria Barbara Forey, Jan Hamling, John Hamling, Alison Thornton, Peter Lee P N Lee Statistics & Computing Ltd 17 Cedar Road Sutton SM2 5DA, UK This report is an updated version of Chapter 2 of International Smoking Statistics 2nd edition, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine and OUP, 2002, Date of issue: 24Oct2011 (Last major revision 19Dec2007)

2 Barbara Forey, Jan Hamling, John Hamling, Alison Thornton, Peter Lee, This work is copyright. It may be reproduced or quoted in whole or in part for study or research purposes, subject to inclusion of an acknowledgement of the source. It may not be reproduced for purposes other than those above or sold without written permission from the authors. Issue History: First issued 19Dec2007 Revised 12Jan2009 minor corrections to notes for survey sources 10 and 11, p. 32 (pdf only). Revised 24Oct2011 Sales and population data updated (Tables 12, Figure 2). Corrections for survey source 6 to product codes, 1990, 1994 and 1998, Table 4, and to notes. Corrections to notes for survey source 14. Minor text changes. Tables 4Ext and 6Ext and Figure 3Ext added to Excel workbook. (Note that calculations of % total sales (Tables 68) and of adult (15+) estimates (Tables 4Ext, 6Ext and 8, Figures 34) have not been updated with the revised population data; there may be discrepancies for , but these will be very minor.) 2 Austria 24Oct2011

3 Contents Contents...3 List of Figures...4 Preface...5 Downloads...5 Acknowledgements...6 Introduction...7 Sales data...7 Survey data...7 Table 1.1 Total annual sales of tobacco products, Table 1.2 Total annual sales of tobacco products, Table 1.3 Percentage of sales of tobacco in different forms (by weight), selected years...11 Table 2 Sales of cigarettes (including estimated number of handrolled cigarettes) and of all tobacco products. Annual total and average per adult (age 15 years and over) per day...12 Table 3 Manufactured cigarettes: percentage of total sales as filter cigarettes; salesweighted average machine yields per cigarette of tar (SWAT), and nicotine (SWAN)...15 Table 4M Prevalence of smoking, males: selected surveys by age...16 Table 4F Prevalence of smoking, females: selected surveys by age...17 Table 5M Number of cigarettes smoked per smoker per day, males: selected surveys by age...20 Table 5F Number of cigarettes smoked per smoker per day, females: selected surveys by age...21 Table 6M Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, males: selected surveys by age; with percentage total sales...22 Table 7M Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, salesadjusted, males: selected surveys 1 by age; with percentage total sales...22 Table 6F Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, females: selected surveys by age; with percentage total sales...23 Table 7F Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, salesadjusted, females: selected surveys 1 by age; with percentage total sales...23 Table 8 Estimated 1 prevalence of smoking and estimated 1 number of cigarettes per person per day (unadjusted and salesadjusted): summary of Tables 4, 6 and 7. Males and females aged 15 years and over...24 Notes...29 Notes on sources of sales data...29 Sales data before Sales data for 1974 onwards...29 Estimates of numbers of handrolled cigarettes for Plain/Filter cigarette sales...30 Tar machine yield of cigarettes...30 Nicotine machine yield of cigarettes...30 Notes on sources of survey data...30 References See footnotes to Tables 24Oct2011 Austria 3

4 Table of Contents (continued) List of Figures Figure 1 Percentage of sales of tobacco in different forms (by weight), selected years Figure 2 Sales of (i) manufactured and total 1 cigarettes and (ii) all tobacco products. Average per adult (aged 15 years and over) per day Figure 3 Estimated prevalence of smoking of (i) manufactured cigarettes, (ii) total cigarettes and (iii) all tobacco products; by year of survey. Males and females aged 15 years and over Figure 4 Estimated number of (i) manufactured cigarettes and (ii) total cigarettes smoked per person per day, salesadjusted; by year of survey. Males and females aged 15 years and over See footnotes to Figures 4 Austria 24Oct2011

5 Preface International Smoking Statistics is a collection of smoking data covering most of Europe and various other economically developed countries. The second edition (published by Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine and OUP, 2002, included data for 30 countries up to Since 2006, work has been ongoing to make individual country updates available online. Please register at if you wish to be informed when updates are posted. The methods used in the web edition are essentially unchanged from those of the second edition, although some minor changes are included in the online Methods chapter. Readers are strongly recommended to consult the Methods chapter. The two main types of data presented are sales data and survey data. We give the results of the original authors as closely as possible, whilst presenting them in a uniform format. Sales data give the total national consumption of tobacco. Data on sales of cigarettes and of all tobacco products are presented, usually from about Estimates of the consumption of handrolled cigarettes are included where possible, as are data on the types of manufactured cigarettes sold. The Tobacco Research Council provided most of the sales data until 1973, while later sales data were obtained from government and industry sources. Survey data provide information on the prevalence and amount of smoking according to age and sex. These were obtained from a wide variety of surveys. Some survey data are available for the early part of the 20 th century, but for most countries they are available only from the 1950s or 1960s onwards. In additional tables we calculate further statistics by combining sales and survey data using certain standardized assumptions. The figures are intended to provide an easily interpretable summary of the data presented in the tables, and the commentary has deliberately been kept to a minimum. Downloads Updates currently available to download from include: Methods, including Appendix I: Estimated size of adult population; Appendix II: Comparisons of manufactured and handrolled cigarettes and differences in the way they are smoked; Appendix III: Consumption category estimation; Comparisons between countries; Updated country chapters (see Methods for current list); Tables from each updated chapter, in Excel format, including extended versions of Tables 4 and 6 and Figure 3 for chapters issued since January 2011; Supplement 1: Estimation of sexspecific smoking statistics by standardized age groups and time periods. [The web edition comprises a brief Update 24Oct2011 Austria 5

6 Preface (continued) Note, together with tables (in Excel format only) for the countries with a chapter in the web edition. The original Supplement 1 to the second edition (an extended version of Appendix IV to the second edition) is also available and gives a full description and tables for the other countries]. Also available from the same source are: Supplement 2 to the second edition: Estimating past smoking habits by an indirect method. An investigation into a method based on recall, with application to Great Britain. [This supplement is an extended version of Appendix V to the second edition]; IMASS, a comprehensive Excel database system, based on WHO mortality data and smoking statistics from Supplement 1. The IMASS system includes powerful routines for creating graphs and tables. Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the tobacco industry for their financial support and for providing some of the sales data in International Smoking Statistics. We would also like to thank the many government and research organizations and individuals who supplied much of the information included. We thank Yvonne Cooper, Pauline Wassell and Diana Morris for maintenance of our references database. We are indebted to G. F. Todd, past director of the Tobacco Research Council, who, shortly before he died in 1988, had prepared a draft report from which the first edition of International Smoking Statistics developed. Professor Nicholas Wald was an editor of earlier editions, and we thank him for his support and encouragement. We alone bear the responsibility for the analysis and interpretation of the data presented. 6 Austria 24Oct2011

7 Introduction Sales data See Tables 13 and Notes on sources of sales data. Sales data are available from In the 1920s and 1930s the consumption of manufactured cigarettes per adult remained fairly stable, varying around 23 cigarettes per day. After an increase around the beginning of the Second World War, consumption fell sharply to about 1 cigarette per day in Consumption then rose steadily until the late 1970s when it reached around 7 cigarettes per day, then fell, dropping to about 5.5 cigarettes per day by the mid1990s. Since then, there have been substantial fluctuations which may, at least in part, be attributable to levels of smuggling and crossborder sales. Consumption of handrolled cigarettes per adult, estimated from all sales of cigarette tobacco, fell from around 1 cigarette per day in 1923 to 0.3 in 1933, but rose again to the same level during the Second World War. After that, consumption was very low until about 1980, and has risen since, although remaining much lower than of manufactured cigarettes. Our estimates may be too high, since in Germany, comparison of sales of finecut (cigarette) tobacco with sales of cigarette paper suggest that only about 70% of cigarette tobacco was used for handrolled cigarettes (see also Notes on sources of sales data, p. 29). The consumption of all tobacco products combined followed a similar trend to that of manufactured cigarettes, but the postwar increase was slower, so that the 1920s level of 6 g per adult per day was not reached again until the mid1960s. Consumption exceeded 7 g per adult per day between the mid1970s and mid 1980s and fell to below 6 g by the mid1990s. In 1923, 32% of all tobacco consumed was in manufactured cigarettes, increasing steadily to 97% by 1990, followed by a slight drop due to increasing consumption of cigars and handrolling tobacco. In 1960, only 9% of manufactured cigarettes were filtered, but this rose rapidly to 76% in 1970 and has exceeded 95% since Survey data See Tables 48 and Notes on sources of survey data. National data on adult smoking are only available from Earlier data relate only to Vienna, where the smoking prevalence in 1954 was substantially higher than the later national results. Results are available from the Mikrozensus (source 1) on a consistent basis between 1972 and 1997, and show that the prevalence of regular smoking among men aged 15 years and over decreased somewhat from 38% to 30%, while among women it increased from 10% to 19%. Another 610% of men and 47% of women smoked occasionally. Some more recent surveys (including sources 10 and 16, and the 1999 Mikrozensus which had some methodological differences from earlier years) suggest a marked increase in prevalence, with some estimates exceeding 40% for men and 30% for women, but this is not supported by other surveys (sources 14, 15). Based on the Mikrozensus results of , the prevalence of smoking increased fairly consistently among women in all age groups. The decrease among men was more marked for men aged 50 years and over. When reported separately by the Mikrozensus, smoking prevalence among older teenage boys was much 24Oct2011 Austria 7

8 Introduction (continued) higher than among girls. However, schoolbased surveys show little difference between the sexes among younger teenagers until the mid1990s, while more recent surveys show the prevalence increasing more among girls than among boys. For instance, the prevalence of weekly smokers age 15 rose from about 20% in to 30% in 1994 in both sexes, but then rose again in girls only to 37% in 2001 (source 6). Comparison of survey and sales data suggests that surveys underreported consumption by about 40% in the 1970s, gradually reducing to 25% in the mid 1990s. However, in view of the fluctuations in both sales and survey data since then, some surveys have substantially overreported. Since 1972, the estimated number of cigarettes smoked per person per day (salesadjusted) has fallen, apart from some fluctuations around 2000, from about 12 to about 5 for men; for women, it increased from 2 to 4 by the early 1980s, and then remained steady. 8 Austria 24Oct2011

9 Table 1.1 Total annual sales of tobacco products, Manufactured Cigars Cigarette Pipe Chewing Snuff All tobacco cigarettes tobacco tobacco tobacco products tonnes millions tonnes millions tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes Source: see Notes on sources of sales data: Sales data before 1974, p Oct2011 Austria 9

10 Table 1.2 Total annual sales of tobacco products, Manufactured Cigars Finecut Pipe Chew ing Snuff All tobacco cigarettes tobacco tobacco tobacco products tonnes millions tonnes millions tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes Source: see Notes on sources of sales data: Sales data for 1974 onwards, p Austria 24Oct2011

11 Table 1.3 Percentage of sales of tobacco in different forms (by weight), selected years Manufactured cigarettes Cigars Cigarette / finecut tobacco Pipe tobacco Snuff and chewing tobacco % % % % % Source: calculated from Tables 1.1 & 1.2 Figure 1 Percentage of sales of tobacco in different forms (by weight), selected years 100% Tobacco Sales Percentage by weight 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Manufactured cigarettes Cigars Cigarette / finecut tobacco Pipe tobacco Snuff + chewing Source: Table Oct2011 Austria 11

12 Table 2 Sales of cigarettes (including estimated number of handrolled cigarettes) and of all tobacco products. Annual total and average per adult (age 15 years and over) per day Manufactured Cigarettes Handrolled cigarettes Total cigarettes All tobacco products Total annual Number/ Total annual Number/ Total annual Number/ Total annual Grams/ millions adult/day millions adult/day millions adult/day tonnes adult/day Austria 24Oct2011

13 Table 2 (continued) Manufactured Cigarettes Handrolled cigarettes Total cigarettes All tobacco products Total annual Number/ Total annual Number/ Total annual Number/ Total annual Grams/ millions adult/day millions adult/day millions adult/day tonnes adult/day Source: Manufactured cigarettes and all tobacco products, Tables 1.1 and 1.2. Handrolled cigarettes, see Notes on sources of sales data: Estimates of numbers of handrolled cigarettes for , p. 29. Population, see Population, Methods p Oct2011 Austria 13

14 Figure 2 Sales of (i) manufactured and total 1 cigarettes and (ii) all tobacco products. Average per adult (aged 15 years and over) per day 14 Sales Number /adult /day 12 Number / adult / day Manufactured cigarettes Total cigarettes 14 Sales Grams /adult /day 12 Grams / adult / day All tobacco products 1 Includes estimated handrolled cigarette consumption Source: Table 2 14 Austria 24Oct2011

15 Table 3 Manufactured cigarettes: percentage of total sales as filter cigarettes; salesweighted average machine yields per cigarette of tar (SWAT), and nicotine (SWAN) Filter SWAT SWAN % mg/cig mg/cig Source: see Notes on sources of sales data: Plain/Filter cigarette sales, p. 30, Tar machine yield of cigarettes, p. 30 and Nicotine machine yield of cigarettes, p Oct2011 Austria 15

16 Table 4M Prevalence of smoking, males: selected surveys by age (continues on p. 18) Source Product Frequency 54 5 UC A 54 5 A A 72 1 UC R 72 1 A R Age Groups All ages A A A R A A UC R UC A UC R A R UC A A A UC U U R A R * UC A A A U * U R U A U * U R U A UC R UC R U R UC R UC A MC U TC U A U A R * UC A A A UC * UC R UC A A * A R UC R A R A A U R U A UC R U R U U UC R A R A A Austria 24Oct2011

17 Table 4F Prevalence of smoking, females: selected surveys by age (continues on p. 19) Source Product Frequency 54 5 UC A 54 5 A A 72 1 UC R 72 1 A R Age Groups All ages A A A R A A UC R UC A UC R A R UC A A A UC U U R A R * UC A A A U * U R U A U * U R U A UC R UC R U R UC R UC A MC U TC U A U A R * UC A A A UC * UC R UC A A * A R UC R A R A A U R U A UC R U R U U UC R A R A A Oct2011 Austria 17

18 Table 4M (continued from p. 16) Prevalence of smoking, males Age Groups All ages UC R A R A A A * A R UC R A R A A MC R TC R A R MC U TC U A U UC R UC * UC A A R A A MC R U R Source Product Frequency Source: see Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 Frequency: A = all smokers (including occasional) Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes R = regular or daily smokers TC = total cigarettes (including handrolled) U = unspecified UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 A = all products All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source 18 Austria 24Oct2011

19 Table 4F (continued from p.17) Prevalence of smoking, females Age Groups All ages UC R A R A A A * A R UC R A R A A MC R TC R A R MC U TC U A U UC R UC * UC A A R A A MC R U R Source Product Frequency Source: see Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 Frequency: A = all smokers (including occasional) Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes R = regular or daily smokers TC = total cigarettes (including handrolled) U = unspecified UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 A = all products All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source 24Oct2011 Austria 19

20 Table 5M Number of cigarettes smoked per smoker per day, males: selected surveys by age Source Product Estimated 72 1 UC E 78 2 UC E 79 1 UC E Age Groups All ages UC E UC E UC E * UC TC E UC E* UC UC E* UC E* UC E* UC E* UC E* TC E UC E UC E* UC Source: see Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 Estimated: E = mean estimated from percentage distribution Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes (see also Consumption category estimation, Methods TC = total cigarettes (including handrolled) p. 11, and Appendix III) UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 A = all products All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source U = unspecified 20 Austria 24Oct2011

21 Table 5F Number of cigarettes smoked per smoker per day, females: selected surveys by age Source Product Estimated 72 1 UC E 78 2 UC E 79 1 UC E Age Groups All ages UC E UC E UC E * UC TC E UC E* UC UC E* UC E* UC E* UC E* UC E* TC E UC E UC E* UC Source: see Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 Estimated: E = mean estimated from percentage distribution Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes (see also Consumption category estimation, Methods TC = total cigarettes (including handrolled) p. 11, and Appendix III) UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 A = all products All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source U = unspecified 24Oct2011 Austria 21

22 Table 6M Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, males: selected surveys by age; with percentage total sales Source Product Age Groups % All Total ages sales 72 1 UC %T 78 2 UC %T 79 1 UC %T 81 4 UC %T 86 1 UC %T 91 1 UC %T TC* %T 97 1 UC* %T 98 6 UC ** UC* %T 99 1 UC* %T 99 9 UC ** UC* %T UC* %T UC* %T TC %T UC 4.4 ** UC* %T MC* %M Table 7M Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, salesadjusted, males: selected surveys 1 by age; with percentage total sales Source Product Age Groups % All Total ages sales 72 1 UC 12 56%T 78 2 UC 13 65%T 79 1 UC 12 59%T 81 4 UC %T 86 1 UC 11 67%T 91 1 UC %T TC* %T 97 1 UC* %T UC* %T 99 1 UC* %T UC* %T UC* %T UC* %T TC %T UC* %T MC* %M 1 Based on those surveys in Table 6 with data for both sexes and age range at least 2164 (see Cigarette consumption per person, Methods p. 11) Source: Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes % Total sales: estimated % of total sales of M = manufactured or T = total TC = total cigarettes (including handrolled) cigarette consumption implied by survey, sexes combined UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) used as adjustment factor in Table 7 A = all products ** = cannot be calculated U = unspecified = adjusted by original author * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p Austria 24Oct2011

23 Table 6F Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, females: selected surveys by age; with percentage total sales Source Product Age Groups % All Total ages sales 72 1 UC %T 78 2 UC %T 79 1 UC %T 81 4 UC %T 86 1 UC %T 91 1 UC %T TC* %T 97 1 UC* %T 98 6 UC ** UC* %T 99 1 UC* %T 99 9 UC* ** UC* %T UC* %T UC* %T TC %T UC 5.4 ** UC* %T MC* %M Table 7F Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, salesadjusted, females: selected surveys 1 by age; with percentage total sales Source Product Age Groups % All Total ages sales 72 1 UC %T 78 2 UC %T 79 1 UC %T 81 4 UC %T 86 1 UC %T 91 1 UC %T TC* %T 97 1 UC* %T UC* %T 99 1 UC* %T UC* %T UC* %T UC* %T TC %T UC* %T MC* %M 1 Based on those surveys in Table 6 with data for both sexes and age range at least 2164 (see Cigarette consumption per person, Methods p. 11) Source: Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes % Total sales: estimated % of total sales of M = manufactured or T = total TC = total cigarettes (including handrolled) cigarette consumption implied by survey, sexes combined UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) used as adjustment factor in Table 7 A = all products ** = cannot be calculated U = unspecified = adjusted by original author * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p Oct2011 Austria 23

24 Table 8 Estimated 1 prevalence of smoking and estimated 1 number of cigarettes per person per day (unadjusted and salesadjusted): summary of Tables 4, 6 and 7. Males and females aged 15 years and over Source 2 Product 3 Prevalence 4 Number of cigarettes Manufactured Total All Unadjusted 7 Salesadjusted 8 cigarettes cigarettes 5 products 6 number/ person/day Total sales Manufactured cigarettes Total cigarettes 9 % number/ number/ person/day person/day M F M F M F M F M F M F UC+A ( ) UC+A A A A UC UC UC+A UC+A UC UC+A UC+A UC UC UC MC+TC+A ( ) UC+A UC+A UC+A A UC+U U UC+U U UC+A A UC+A A UC+A A MC+TC+A ( ) MC+TC+A UC+A A /10 15 MC+U See footnotes on next page 24 Austria 24Oct2011

25 Table 8 (continued) 1 Surveys covering an age range of at least 2164 are included. Any gaps in the data for ages 1520 and 65 years and over are filled in by assumed extensions to the age distribution, given in Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30. Method: see Summary of adult smoking, Methods p See Notes on sources of survey data, p Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes, TC = total cigarettes (including handrolled), UC = cigarettes (type unspecified), A = all products, U = unspecified. Frequency of smoking is indicated by: regular or daily smokers in normal type, all smokers (including occasional) in bold, unspecified in italics 4 From Table 4 5 This column includes prevalence of smoking classified as UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) 6 This column includes prevalence of smoking classified as U = unspecified product 7 From Table 6 8 From Table 7, except data in parentheses, which are derived from the prevalence of smoking from Table 4 as described in Summary of adult smoking, Methods p Number of cigarettes classified as UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) has been adjusted to total cigarette sales and included in this column 10 Calculations based on 2004 manufactured cigarette sales, and 2005 population 24Oct2011 Austria 25

26 Figure 3 Estimated prevalence of smoking of (i) manufactured cigarettes, (ii) total cigarettes and (iii) all tobacco products; by year of survey. Males and females aged 15 years and over 100 Percentage of Smokers Manufactured Cigarettes Percentage Male Female 100 Percentage of Smokers Total Cigarettes Percentage Male Female 26 Austria 24Oct2011

27 Figure 3 (continued) 100 Percentage of Smokers All Tobacco Products Percentage Male Female Source: Table 8 See also customisable version of Figure 3 in the Excel workbook 24Oct2011 Austria 27

28 Figure 4 Estimated number of (i) manufactured cigarettes and (ii) total cigarettes smoked per person per day, salesadjusted; by year of survey. Males and females aged 15 years and over 20 Number of Cigarettes Smoked Manufactured Cigarettes (sales adjusted) Number / person / day Male Female 20 Number of Cigarettes Smoked Total Cigarettes (sales adjusted) Number / person / day Male Female Source: Table 8 28 Austria 24Oct2011

29 Notes Notes on sources of sales data The data presented in the tables and figures were obtained from several sources, details of which are given below, together with estimations and related assumptions. Full citations of the sources are given on p. 34 under References. Sales data before 1974 RP6 Data by weight, originally given to nearest pounds, have been converted to tonnes and given to nearest 10 tonnes ( lbs = tonnes). Notes as given in RP6: Details of the numbers and weight of cigarettes and cigars and of the weight of other manufactured tobacco products consumed were either provided by the Austrian Tobacco Monopoly or obtained from the annual reports of the Monopoly. Sales data for 1974 onwards : Austria Tabak 1998 onwards: Manufactured cigarettes: US Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2006); Cigars: Bundesverband der Zigarrenindustrie (2007, 2011) Pipe and handrolling tobacco: Verband der Deutschen Rauchtabakindustrie Data for cigarettes and cigars were given in numbers and have been converted to weight assuming an average of 1 g per cigarette (Austria Tabak) and 5.5 g per cigar (based on values in RP6). Data for cigarettes from USDA (shown in Table 1.2 for 1998 onwards) refer to domestic consumption. Data for earlier years from USDA are similar to those shown in the Table (e.g. for 1997, USDA ; Austria Tabak ), and so the sharp increase between 1997 and 1998 cannot be attributed to the change in data source. No data for cigars are available for , and the total consumption has not been calculated for those years. No data for sales of chewing tobacco or snuff are available after 1997; as they were low in the preceding years, the total consumption for has been calculated without them. Up to 1994, Austria Tabak had a monopoly of the tobacco market. Since then, the market share of other suppliers is estimated to have increased to 10% of official sales (Uhl et al (2005)). In 1995, the contraband market share was estimated as 15% (Joossens and Raw (1998)). In 1998, the permitted private import of cigarettes was reduced from 200 to 25 cigarettes, and border controls were tightened. This may account for some increase in domestic sales as consumers shifted from private imports or smuggling to legal domestic purchases in the late 1990s. However illegal cigarette imports were still high (USDA (2000, 2001)). The level of smuggling rose after the accession to the EU of eastern European countries, and was estimated as 11% in 2004 (Agence France Presse (2005)) and 20% in 2005 (APA Economic News Service (2005a, 2005b)). A limit of one carton daily for personal imports from Czech Republic or Slovenia has been proposed from 2008 (Austria Today (2007)). Estimates of numbers of handrolled cigarettes for We have taken as our estimate of handrolled cigarette consumption all sales of cigarette tobacco, at 1 g per cigarette. This may be an overestimate: in neighbouring Germany, where sales of cigarette papers are also known for , we have used 70% of finecut (cigarette) tobacco as our estimate of handrolled cigarette consumption. 24Oct2011 Austria 29

30 Notes (continued) Plain/Filter cigarette sales 1960: Klus and Kuhn (1978) : Maxwell (Successive years) : Maxwell (1998) According to USDA (2006), production of filter cigarettes has exceeded 98% of total productions since Tar machine yield of cigarettes : Flamm et al (1975) : Austria Tabak The tar yield per cigarette was limited to 15 mg from 1995, to 12 mg from 1998 and to 10 mg from 2004 (Harkin et al (1997), ASPECT (Analysis of the Science and Policy for European Control of Tobacco) Consortium (2004)). In 1997, the distribution of the tar values of cigarettes sold was: up to 6 mg 10.9%, 79 mg 35.4% and 1012 mg 53.7% (Austria Tabak). According to Kuhn and Klus (1976), the standard for smoke determination developed in the early 1960s by the Austrian Consumers Association Verein für Konsumentenberatung was similar to international standards except that shorter butt lengths were specified (15mm for a plain cigarette or the filter tipping overwrap + 4mm for a filter cigarette), because of the tendency to smoke cigarettes to a small butt length. Nicotine machine yield of cigarettes : Flamm et al (1975) 1975, 1977: Klus and Kuhn (1978) : Klus (1986) (data read from graph) Notes on sources of survey data Each source of survey data either an individual survey or a series of surveys repeated over a number of years is cited by a source number. This number is shown in the tables and corresponds to the source numbers given below, where details of the source publication and of the survey methodology are given. Full citations of the sources are given on p. 34 under References. Source number 1 Friedl (1980a, 1980b, 1987), Österreichischen Statistischen Zentralamt (1996), Statistik Austria (2002) a. Mikrozensus for Austrian Central Statistical Office. Sample of households (not including institutionalized population), targeting about 1% of all households. Sample size about persons. Personal interviews, of which about 30% are proxy interviews with another household member. Completion of the smoking section is not compulsory, and nonresponse rates were (1972) 1.6%, (1979) 2.7%, (1986) 4.9%. b. According to Uhl et al (2005) the 1999 survey was not fully comparable with earlier years because it differed in the wording of questions (which previously had been consistent), and in the sequence of questions, which in 1999 followed healthrelated questions. c. In 1997, the survey included 15 year olds for the first time, but results were generally presented for age 16+ for comparability with earlier years. d. For 1999, the highest age groups shown (Tables 47) are 7584 and 85+. e. Results marked * in Table 4 (for 1986 and 1997, for product UC) are derived from the prevalence of smoking and the percentage of smokers smoking cigarettes, but it is unknown whether this includes mixed smokers (i.e. cigarettes and cigars or pipes). f. Consumption category estimation based on (up to 1997) 110, 1120, 2140, and 41+ cigarettes/smoker/day, or (1999) 110, 1120 and 21+ cigarettes/smoker/day. Up to 1991, this refers to daily cigarette smokers; for 1997 and 1999 it refers to daily smokers and, as the first category may include pipe/cigar only smokers, this may overestimate. g. Assumed extensions to age distribution for percentage smokers and for cigarettes/person/day are shown in the extended versions of Tables 4 and 6 respectively in the Excel tables workbook. 30 Austria 24Oct2011

31 Notes (continued) 2 Gredler et al (1981) a. Survey on behalf of the Austrian Heart Foundation. Sample size b. Consumption category estimation based on 110, 1120, 2140, and 41+ cigarettes/smoker/day. c. Assumed extensions to age distribution for percentage smokers and for cigarettes/person/day are shown in the extended versions of Tables 4 and 6 respectively in the Excel tables workbook. 3 Kunze et al (1980) a. Study for Bundesministeriums für Gesundheit und Umweltschutz. Lowest age limit not stated. b. 99% of smokers smoked cigarettes. 4 Gredler and Kunze (1981) a. Part of survey assessing public awareness and attitudes to a national antismoking campaign. Sample size 2 004, representative sample. b. Consumption category estimation based on 110, 1120, and 21+ cigarettes/smoker/day. c. Assumed extensions to age distribution for percentage smokers and for cigarettes/person/day are shown in the extended versions of Tables 4 and 6 respectively in the Excel tables workbook. 5 Ossadnik (1955) a. Survey of smoking habits of adults in Vienna, partly by questionnaire, partly by interviews. Sample sizes, questionnaires (males) 2 883, (females) 3 643; interviews (males) 340, (females) Aarø et al (1986), Nutbeam and Aarø (1990), King and Coles (1992), King et al (1996), Currie et al (2000, 2004) a. Part of the HBSC (Health Behaviour in SchoolAged Children) Study, a collaborative crossnational research study sponsored by the WHO. School classes or schools were randomly selected, targeting age groups 11 (not presented here), 13 and 15. The target sample size in each age group was Mean age Sample size Target age 13 Target age 15 Target Target Total* Boys Girls Boys Girls age 13 age * Includes age 11 b. Number of cigarettes per smoker per day (Table 5, 1998 only) is derived from the median number smoked per week. c. Smokers marked as frequency *: smoked daily. Regular smokers: smoked once a week or more. All smokers: includes those smoking less than once a week. 7 Haidinger et al (1998) a. Survey funded by the Austrian Cancer Society using a representative quota sample of Austrians. Personal interview at home. Sample size 2 065, response rate 86% b. Cigarettes per smoker (Table 5) refers to regular smokers who had smoked for at least 10 years. As these smokers are older and are likely to smoke more heavily than all smokers combined, we have not presented our estimates of cigarettes per person (namely 9.4 for males and 4.5 for females) in Table 6; the corresponding calculation of % total sales would be 124%. The original authors report a calculated % total sales of 99%, based on both regular and occasional smokers. 8 Ulmer et al (2001b), Strong and Bonita (2003) (quoting personal communication from H Ulmer) a. Surveys in province of Vorarlberg, as part of WHO CINDI (Countrywide Integrated Noncommunicable Diseases Intervention) program. Twostage random sampling. Personal interview at home and medical examination at GP s office. In each wave, persons were invited to participate. Sample sizes achieved for the interview section were (males) 920 and (females) 943 in 1991, and (males) 786 and (females) 764 in Oct2011 Austria 31