A Physical Characteristics of Common Toxic Industrial Chemicals

Transcription

1 Appendices A Physical Characteristics of Common Toxic Industrial Chemicals Chemical UN HAZMAT ID number Latency Persistency Toxicity threshold (ppm/h) impairment/ fatality Odour Allyl alcohol 1098 S L 7.7/22 Mustard-like Acrolein 1092 S I 0.1/1.4 1 ppm acrid and sweet Acrylonitrile 1093 S I 35/75 17 ppm unpleasant peach-like Ammonia 1005 S S 110/1, ppm sharp suffocating Arsine 2188 S L I 0.2/ ppm garlic Chlorine 1017 S I S I 3/22 Pungent (bleach) Diborane 1911 S I 1/ ppm sweet Ethylene oxide 2983 S I 45/ ppm ether-like Formaldehyde 1078 S L 10/25 1 ppm characteristic pungent Hydrogen bromide 1048 S I 3/30 2 ppm pungent, stinging Hydrogen chloride 2186 S I 22/ ppm pungent, irritating Hydrogen cyanide 1051/1641 S S 7/ ppm characteristic bitter almond Hydrogen fluoride 1790 S L I 22/ ppm sharp, irritating Hydrogen selenide 2202 S S I 0.2/ ppm horseradish Hydrogen sulphide 1053 S L S I 30/ ppm characteristic rotten eggs Methyl hydrazine 1244 S L L 1/3 1 ppm ammonia-like D. J. Baker, Toxic Trauma, DOI / , Springer-Verlag London

2 202 Appendices Chemical UN HAZMAT ID number Latency Persistency Toxicity threshold (ppm/h) impairment/ fatality Odour Hydrazine 2030 S L L 13/35 3 ppm ammonia -like Methyl isocyanate 2480 S I 0.5/5 2 ppm pungent Methyl mercaptan 1064 S I 5/ ppm rotten cabbage (at 1 ppm odour fatigue begins) Nitrogen dioxide 1067 L I 12/20?1 ppm Nitric acid 1760 S L 4/22 1 ppm characteristic choking, acrid Parathion 1967 S L S I 0.2/ ppm Phosgene 1076 S L S I 0.3/5 0.5 ppm characteristic new mown hay Phosphine 2199 S L I 0.3/ ppm characteristic rotten fish Sulphuric acid 1830 S L 2.5/7.5 Odourless (sulphur dioxide smell when heated) Sulphur dioxide 1079 S L I 3/ ppm characteristic coke fumes Toluene diisocyanate 2078 S L 0.08/ ppm pungent Key: Latency: Short = minutes to hours, Long = hours to days. Persistency: Short = minutes to hours, Intermediate = hours to days, Long = days to weeks Information source: US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. Industrial Chemical Prioritization and Determination of Critical Hazards of Concern. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md: USACHPPM; 2003: Appendix B. USACHPPM Report 47 EM S short, L long, I intermediate B Physical Characteristics of the Major Chemical Warfare and Riot Control Agents Agent class Agent Freezing point ( C) Lung damaging agents Boiling point Physical state at 20 C Vapour density Odour Chlorine Gas 2.45 Pungent Phosgene Gas 3.4 New mown hay Diphosgene Liquid and 6.9 Green apples Methyl Gas 0.96 isocyanate a Nerve agents Tabun (GA) Liquid 5.63 Fruity

3 Appendices 203 Agent class Agent Freezing Boiling Physical state Vapour Odour point ( C) point at 20 C density Sarin (GB) Liquid 4.86 Fruity Soman(GD) Liquid 6.33 Fruity VX Liquid 9.2 Chemical Hydrogen Liquid and 0.93 Almonds asphyxiants cyanide Cyanogen Liquid 2.1 Almonds chloride Vesicants Sulphur mustard gas Liquid and 5.4 Garlic or mustard Lewisite Liquid and 7.2 Geraniums Incapacitating BZ White powder agents Respiratory CS White powder Pungent irritant (riot control agents CR + 72 Pale yellow powder Nerve agents all have a freezing point below zero and are in the liquid state at an ambient temperature of 20 C. Although they all boil above 100 C all except VX exhibit a significant pressure. VX therefore poses less of an inhalational risk than the others but is more persistent Agents that are gases at ambient temperature are very volatile and therefore non-persistentincapacitating and irritant agents all have a very high freezing point and are solids at ambient temperature. They are dispersed in a pulverized form in aerosolswith the exception of hydrogen cyanide the agents listed above have a density greater than air. They therefore tend to concentrate immediately above the groundodour is not a physical property but is included here since it has provided an important early warning of chemical agent release since the First World War. Only impure nerve agents have a characteristic fruity odour noted above a Methyl isocyanate is not a CW agent but has caused mass inhalational injury but is included for comparison with the CW lung damaging agents

4 Index Symbols 22nd April 1915, Strasbourg agreement, Hague Convention, 14 A ABCDE system, 116 Absence of post-tetanic facilitation, 168 Absorbed dose, 38, 42 Abyssinia, 18, 178 Accidental ingestions, 49 Acetyl choline, 87 Acetylcholinesterase, 94 Acids, 109 Actions of HD, 110 Acute exposure, 26, 42, 43, 44, 48 Acute lung injury (ALI), 105 group, 171 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 6, 105 Administered dose, 38 Advanced hazmat life support course (AHLS), 9 Advanced trauma life support (ATLS), 3 Agents, 113 Airway, 116, 118 Alert, voice, pain, unresponsiveness (AVPU), 116, 118, 119 Analogies for toxic trauma, 114 A non-depolarising block, 167 Anticholinesterase exposure, 126 Applied toxicity, 197, 198 Artificial ventilation, 118 Asphyxiant agents, 107 Asphyxiants, 30, 44 Assessment of a patient with potential toxic trauma, 115 Ausculatation, 120 B Bag-valve mask (BVM), 171 Bari, 19 Bases, 109 Bhopal, 21, 183 Bolimov, 16 Botulinum toxin (BoTx), 96 BZ, 97, 98, 129, 166 C Carbon monoxide, 107 Cardiac activity, 126 Central nervous incapacitating and knockdown agent toxidromes, 123 Chemical agent monitor, 52 Chemical asphyxiant toxidromes, 123, 129, 130 Chemical incidents, 63 70, 73 75, 80 Chemical warfare (CW) agents., 28 Chlorine, 14, 15, 16, 17 Cholinergic effects on the gastrointestinal system, 128 Chronic exposures, 26, 27, 42, 48 Classical toxidromes, 123 Clinical care in a contaminated area, 63, 72, 74, 77 Cold war, 8 Common toxic industrial chemicals physical characteristics, 191 Comparison with chemical warfare agents, 194 Conducting system of the heart causing dysrhthmias, 108 Convulsions, 119 Corrosive effects on the structures of the upper airway, 103 CS gas, 131 Ct50, 41 D. J. Baker, Toxic Trauma, DOI / , Springer-Verlag London

5 206 Index CW agents acting on the respiratory system, 30 Cyanide, 121 Cyanide toxidrome, 130 D Decontamination, 54, 55, 70, 72, 76 basics, 58 procedures, 47 techniques, 59 Delayed, 113 Depolarisation paralysis of the acute cholinergic syndrome, 167 Depolarisation potential, 94 Depolarization, 98 Detection of a released toxic agent, 51 Developing toxic pulmonary oedema, 121 Diphosgene, 17 DNA toxins, 197, 199 Dose, 26, 27, 35, 38 absorbed, 38 administered, 38 exposure, 38 target, 38 threshold, 38 total, 38 Dual block, 167 Dubrovka Theatre, Moscow, 181 Dysrhythmias, 121 E Exposure dose, 38, 43 Exposure of the eyes to nerve agent, 127 Exposure to small amounts of nerve agents, 126 Exposure to toxic chemical agents, 8 Exposure to toxic substances, 8, 9 F Fade, 168 Fasciculations, 119 and convulsions, 181 Fentanyl incapacitating agent, 182 Filtration respirators, 48, 54, 55 First major chemical attack, 16 Flash assessment, 116 Fritz Haber, 15 G Gathering history of a toxic release, 114 GCS, 116 Geneva chemical weapons convention of 1925, 17 Gerhardt Schrader, 19 German chemical industry, 15 Glasgow Coma Scale, 118 Golden hour, 5 Greek Fire, 12 H Haber coefficient, 105 Haemopoietic system, 110 Hague convention, 7 Hallabja, 178 Hazardous area paramedical response teams (HART), 52 HAZMAT organisation, 65, 67, 70, 74, 80 HAZMAT system, 27 Heart, 108 and blood vessels, 30 History of exposure, 114 I Incapacitating agent toxidromes, 129 Industrial chemical facilities in Europe, 13 Intermediate Syndrome (IMS), 167 International Committee of the Red Cross new approaches to toxic trauma management, 74 Interpretation of cholinergic toxidromes, 125, 126 Ionised cyanide, 107 Iran Iraq war, 20, 172 Irritant, 30 agents, 31 Irritant agent (riot-control agent) toxidrome, 130 Irritants to the gastric mucosa, 108 Irritating agent toxidromes, 123 J John Doughty, 14 K Key properties latency of action, 32 persistency, 32 physical from, 32 toxicity, 32 L Latency, 43, 44, 113 long, 43, 44 short, 43 LCt 50, 38, 40, 41 LD 50, 38, 40

6 Index Lesson from the first and subsequent use of mustard gas, 177 Lessons in the management of mass casualties following a toxic agent release, 184 Long-term central nervous effects, 166 Long-term effects of exposure to mustard gas, 172 Lowest dead to wounded ratio, 17 Low levels of exposure to sarin, 126 Lung damaging agent and passive asphyxiant toxidromes, 123 Lung damaging agents, 30, 44 Lung damaging agent toxidrome, 130, 131 Lyon Playfair, 14 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 100 M Major chemical warfare and riot control agents physical characteristics, 191 Manchurian war, 18 Matsumoto, 179, 180 Matsumoto and Tokyo, 21 Matteo Orfila, 6, 35 Methyl isocyanate, 183 Mild and severe cholinergic toxidromes, 123 Mortality rates, 177 MTWHF, 125 Muscarinic, 88 Muscarinic receptors, 90 Mustard gas, 17, 18, 20 N Naloxone, 183 Natural and deliberate release, 192 Nerve agent toxidrome, 180 Nerve gas\t see Tabun, 19 Nerve terminal, 93 Neurotoxins, 192, 193, Nicotinic, 88 effects, 126 O OP-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN), 170 Opioid incapacitating (knockdown) agents, 129 Organophosphate(OP) toxic agents, 166 Oxygen saturation, 121 P Paracelsus, 6, 26, 35 Parasympathetic nervous system, 90 Peloponnesian War, 11 Percutaneous chemical absorption, Peripheral nervous system, 30 Persistent agents, 33, 34 Personal protective equipment (PPE), 47, 54, 61 Phosgene, 15, 17 Physical trauma, 1, 2, 3, 5 8 Planning, 73, 80 and preparation, 188, 189 Presenting signs and symptoms of patients who have been exposed to chemical, 113 Primary respiratory examination, 120, 121 Primary survey, 116 Protective masks, 177 Pulse oximeter, 121 R Recognising and managing a chemical incident, 63, 65 Reduction of toxic trauma, 54 Riot control agents, 130 S Safety margin, 94 Sarin, 8 Secondary contamination, 59, 60, 181 degree of, 55 effects of, 61 factors affecting, 60, 61 Short persistency toxic agents, 34 Signs and symptoms, 113 following toxic trauma, Single-fibre electromyography (SFEMG), 168 Skeletal neuromuscular junction (NMJ), 92 Skin and epithelial systems, 31 SLUDGE, 123 Somatic systems, 29 Spike discharges and fitting, 99 Stages in the management of toxic trauma, 188 Sulphur dioxide, hydrogen chloride and chlorine, 103 Synapses, 87, 88, 90, T Tabun, 19 Tabun (GA), 179 Target dose, 38 Target organs, 85 The assessment of miosis, 127 The dose response curve, 38 The heart rate, 126 The post-acute management of toxic trauma, 165 The risks of an accidental or deliberate chemical release, 176

7 208 Index The Second World War, Threshold dose, 38, 40 Thucydides, 11 Tokyo metro sarin attack, 180, 181 Total dose, 38 Toxic agent release, 65, 75, 79 and transmission, 65, 80 Toxic hazard, 29, 32, 43, 44 acute and chronic, 26 classification of, 26 definitions, 26 Toxic industrial chemicals (TIC), 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 with central effects, 29 Toxicity, 32, 35 expression of, 38 factors affecting, 42, 43 measurement of, 37, 38 Toxic pulmonary oedema, 105, 170 Toxic respiratory failure, 101, 103 Toxic trauma, 6, 7, 9 clinical importance of, 8, 9 epidemiology of, 7, 8 occurence with physical trauma, 9 reduction of, 54 Toxidromes, 115, Toxins, 20, 26, 30, 31 action, 192 classification, 192 Triage, 65, 69, 70 Triage of multiple toxic casualties, 116 Tricothecene toxins in Cambodia, 20 Type 1 and 2 respiratory failure, 101 V Very variable, 130 Vesicant and corrosive agent toxidromes, 123, 131 Vesicant chemical warfare agents, 109 Vesication, 121 W William Perkin, 13 Y Yemen, 20