Environmental Contamination: A Threat for the Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) in Luxembourg and Belgium?
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1 Environmental Contamination: A Threat for the Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) in Luxembourg and Belgium? Arno Gutleb Centre de Recherche Public Gabriel Lippmann
2 Problem Description Man-made persistent contaminants (human, wildlife) Complex mixtures Plethora of effects Immune toxicity Reproductive toxicity Endocrine disrupting compounds Neurotoxicity Behavioural toxicity Bone toxicity.. Delayed effects of early life-stage exposure
3 Complex Mixtures
4 Heavy metals (Methyl)mercury Cadmium, lead, Problem Description Polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polybrominated diphenyl-ethers (PBDEs) Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
5 Emerging Compounds
6 Heavy metals (Methyl)mercury Cadmium, lead, Problem Description Polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polybrominated diphenyl-ethers (PBDEs) Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
7 Mercury Well described mechanism of toxicity enyzme inhibition, central nervous system Otters with Hg levels - high enough for intoxication (> 30mg/kg fresh weight in liver( Wren, 1985; Kruuk & Conroy, 1991; Gutleb et al., 1998 Reference values for human consumption Reference values for otter (RVO) Hovens, mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg
8 % Fish Samples Exceeding RVO Sûre (n=50) l`our (n=46) Boscher et al., 2010
9 % Fish Samples Exceeding RVO Wiltz (n=26) Deux-Ourthes (n=29) Boscher et al., 2010
10 % Fish Samples Exceeding RVO Austria Gutleb, 1995
11 PCBs and Otters
12 PCBs and Otters Gutleb, 1995
13 PCBs and Otter Health Thyroid gland function and morphology Thyroid hormone metabolism Retinoid metabolism Interference with plasma transport of TH and VitA Disturbance of T4 and VITAMIN A
14 PCBs and Otter Health Thyroid gland function and morphology Thyroid hormone metabolism Retinoid metabolism Interference with plasma transport of TH and VitA Disturbance of T4 and VITAMIN A
15 PCBs and Otter Health Murk et al., 1998
16 PCBs and Health Effects in Otters TEQ (ng/g lipid weight) n % with disease n disease / otter Condition index * Murk et al., 1998 PCBs - alter VITAMIN A levels PCBs immunotoxic PCBs toxic to the adrenals
17 Reproductive parameters in otters NO EFFECTS ON: Visible implantation sites; Total number of implantations; Ovaluations; Corpus luteum Christensen et al., 2010
18 PCBs and Fish
19 PCBs and Fish 24PCBs ng/g -1 (wet weight) Súre 52 Wiltz (Winseler) 66 Wiltz (Merkholtz) 92 Clerve River (Drauffelt) 110 Our (Wallendorf) 281 Safe thresholds (ng/g -1 ww) 25 Ministerie van Landbouw en Visserij, Macdonald and Mason, Macdonald and Mason, 1994 (reproductive failure) 145 Leonards et al., 1994
20 PCBs in Fish but Otter? 1 - e -kt Cm = a b R Cf Cm PCB content in otter tissue (mg kg -1 lipid) a assimilation efficiency (0.916) b conversion factor fresh weight/ww (29.69) R g food / day /g body weight (0.125) Cf PCBs in food (ww) k excretion constant (0.007) t exposure in days (730 days) k
21 PCBs in Otters from Luxembourg Safe level for otters 10 mg/kg -1 Critical levels for otters 50 mg/kg e -kt Cm = a b 78.1 Cf Predicted concentration: 37.7 mg/kg -1 lipid weight k
22 Conclusions Mercury in fish: Concentrations in 22-66% exceed safe otter-levels single fish exceed reference value for humans PCBs in fish: Clear decrease from 1994/1995 to 2007 Some locations exceed safe levels for otters Calculated PCBs in otter: Projected PCB levels in otters - higher than safe levels!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
23 Recommendations Mercury and PCBs Localization of the sources Further monitoring of fish otter and human health Monitoring the time trends
24 Thanks to all involved in these studies! Torsten Bohn Aurore Boscher Gerard Schmidt Cedric Guignard Lucien Hoffmann Johanna Ziebel Lionel L`Hoste Henry Michel Cauchie Alain Dohet M. Lauff J. Mathu Sylvie Gobert Christophe Bouillon Delphine Collard unknown scientist
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