Index. pseudocyst, stroboscopy indications and usefulness, true cyst, 185, 287 [26] vallecular, 56, 57f Czermak, Johann Nepomuk, 5, 5f

Transcription

1 Index Note: Page numbers followed by f and t indicate figures and tables; italicized page numbers indicate video clip descriptions and corresponding clip number, e.g. 284 [11]. A Abductor spasmodic dysphonia, 65 66, 221 assessment sentences for, , 222t laryngeal endoscopy role in, 223 Acoustics, high-speed videoendoscopy and measures, 265 and vibration relationship, 254, 255f Adaption, vocal fold paralysis with, 288 [28] Adductor spasmodic dysphonia, 65 66, 221 assessment sentences for, , 222t laryngeal endoscopy role in, 223 Aerodynamic measures, in high-speed videoendoscopy, 265 Age glottal configuration and, 132 videostroboscopic examination and, Alaryngeal speech, Amplitude of vibration. See Vibratory amplitude Anesthesia endotracheal, 9, 10 for flexible laryngoscopy, 64, 79 Aperiodicity in high-speed laryngeal imaging, 274, 279, 284 [12] videostroboscopy vs., stiffness vs., 279 in videostroboscopy, 284 [11] high-speed videoendoscopy vs., Aphonia, frank, 201 Apparent motion, Aryepiglottic folds, 24f, 25, 25f 27f cysts, 56, 57f Arytenoid cartilage in laryngeal anatomy, 18, 21f, 24f prolapse, 213, 213f, 288 [30] in pediatric patient, 240, 241f structural asymmetries, 55 56, 55f in videostroboscopic examination movement, position, , 123f in vocal fold anatomy, 24 Atrophy vocal fold paralysis with, , 214f, 288 [27], 288 [29] of vocalis muscle, 155 Automatic videoendoscopy measures, classification, 253 Autoscopy, 7, 79 B Beat frequency, in stroboscopy, 104, 104f Behavioral pathology, high-speed imaging assessment, 278, 289 [36], 294 [64 66] Blood supply, laryngeal, 27f, 28 29, 28f Body-cover theory of vocal fold vibration, 32 33, 32f, 226 Bowing, vocal fold. See Presbyphonia Bozzini, Phillip, 3, 4f, 7 Brain atrophy, medical image interpretation reliability in, 46 Breathing quiet. See Quiet respiration, laryngoscopy at during videostroboscopic examination, 114 Brunings, Wilhelm, 8, 9f C Camera setup, for videostroboscopic examination, 115 Carcinoma in situ, diagnosis of, 228, 229f Cardiology, medical image interpretation reliability in, 46

2 Index 296 Cardiovascular reflexes, laryngeal stimulation and, 34 Cartilage. See individually named cartilage Cartilaginous vocal fold, 24, 24f, 25f posterior, in videostroboscopic examination, 122 Chemoreceptors, laryngeal, 34 Children. See Pediatric patients Chink, glottal. See Glottal gap (chink) Chorditis, polypoid, 289 [36] high-speed imaging, 278, 293 [64] Cinematography, historical background, Clinical practice, high-speed videoendoscopy in otolaryngology practice, speech-language pathology practice, Cogwheeling, 67 Color, in laryngeal imaging high-speed videoendoscopy, 256 historical background, 14 image interpretation variability and, 47 Compressive forces, medial, mucosal wave and, 175, 176f 177f Computed tomography scans, normal laryngeal variability on, 52 Congenital anomalies, in pediatric larynx, 240, 240f 241f Constant light, videostroboscopy vs., 283 [1] Context-specific behaviors, vocal fold, 71, 72f Conus elasticus, 21f, 26f, 27 Corditis, polypoid. See Reinke s edema Coughing false vocal folds during, in high-speed videoendoscopy, Coupling process, , 286 [23], 290 [38,39] Cricoarytenoid muscles laryngeal motion and, 35 lateral, 20, 21f 22f, 35 posterior, 20 21, 21f 22f, 33, 35 in resting breathing state, 33 Cricoid cartilage, 18, 19f, 20f, 21f Cricothyroid muscles, 21 22, 23f acoustic effects and, 132 CT (computed tomography) scans, normal laryngeal variability on, 52 Cysts, vocal fold, , 287 [26] aryepiglottic, 56, 57f defined, 192, 192f diagnosis of criteria for, 186 pearls and pitfalls in, , 287 [26], 289 [33] impact on vibratory parameters, , 193f 198f, 286 [23], 287 [26], 291 [46] intracordal, in pediatric patient, 237, 239, 239f nodules/polyps vs., high-speed imaging and, 279 pathogenesis, , 192f pseudocyst, stroboscopy indications and usefulness, true cyst, 185, 287 [26] vallecular, 56, 57f Czermak, Johann Nepomuk, 5, 5f D Dentures, patient examination and, 118 Digital kymography, 293 [54] and high-speed imaging, 293 [55] playback in high-speed videoendoscopy, , 259f, 260f Direct laryngoscopy historical background, 6 10, 7f 10f illumination for, 11 Diseases of the Throat: A Guide to the Diagnosis and Treatment (Solis-Cohen), 6 Dye laser, in-office imaging with, 84 Dynamic range, in high-speed videoendoscopy, 257 Dysdiadokinesia, 67 Dysphonia. See also Muscle tension dysphonia; Spasmodic dysphonia adaptive, phonoscopy goals in, 70 71, 71f 72f after rehabilitative intervention, , 217f 218f, 292 [50 52] phonoscopic assessment, See also Phonoscopic examination in vocal fold paralysis, 215 Dysphonia plica ventricularis, 65 Dystonia, laryngeal. See Spasmodic dysphonia E Early postoperative recovery, high-speed imaging in, 278, 293 [62 63] Edema, vocal fold, 177, 177f superficial lamina propria. See Reinke s edema eeee sound in indirect laryngoscopic examination, 42 in videostroboscopic examination, 114 Elderly patients, videostroboscopic examination in, 118 Electroglottography, 265, 266f Elevated vector suspension, 8 Elsberg, Louis, 5 6, 7 Endolaryngeal surgery. See also Medialization laryngoplasty dysphonia after, , 217f 218f, 292 [50 52] high-speed imaging after, 293 [63] historical background, 6 10, 7f 10f in pediatric patient, 237 videostroboscopy after, 293 [62] Endoscopy, laryngeal in dysphonia evaluation,

3 flexible, See also Phonoscopic examination image interpretation variability in, 47 48, 48f normal structural asymmetries seen in, 53, 54f, 55 in pediatric patient common findings, 237, 238f 241f, normal anatomy, , 233f 234f techniques, , 235f 237f Endotracheal anesthesia, 9, 10 Epiglottis in laryngeal development, 31 omega-shaped, 118 in pediatric patient, , 234f structural asymmetries, 53, 54f, 55 Erythroleukoplakia, 228, 228f Esophageal swallow stage, 34 Esophagoscopes, transnasal, 80 Esophagus, in-office imaging of, 84 F FACES pain scale, 85, 86f Facilitative playbacks, in high-speed videoendoscopy, , 259f, 260f False vocal folds, 25, 26f during coughing, hyperconstriction, 73, 74f Falsetto, 37 glottal closure in, 128, 283 [4] paralytic, 216, 216f, 287 [25] videostroboscopy of, 283 [4] FEES. See Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing Fiberoptic endoscopy, in pediatric patient, , 235f, 236f Fibrosis reaction in vocal fold, 177, 178f vocal fold nodules with, 285 [18], 290 [40] Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing indications for, 81 82, 81f uses for, Flexible laryngoscopy, 12, anesthesia for, 64, 79 for in-office procedures, background, case studies, 84 87, 85f 87f contraindications, equipment selection factors, 80 81, 81t indications, 81 82, 81t 82t safety issues, 83 upper airway access factors, 80 81, 81t uses, instrumentation for, phonoscopy vs., 76 in speech-language pathology evaluation, See also Phonoscopic examination technique, vocal function assessment, Flicker-free threshold, in stroboscopy, 103 Frame rate, in high-speed videoendoscopy, 248f, 256 Frank aphonia, 201 G Gag reflex in-office procedures and, 81 during videostroboscopic examination, Gap, glottal. See Glottal gap (chink) Garcia, Manuel, 4, 5f Gastroesophageal reflux disease, laryngeal findings in, Gender, glottal configuration and, 132 GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), laryngeal findings in, Glissando in flexible laryngoscopic examination, 66 high-speed laryngeal imaging during, 272, 293 [58] in videostroboscopic examination, 124, 124f Glottal area waveforms, 264 Glottal closure, 56, 58f. See also Glottal configuration complete, 129f, 130, 283 [1] defined, 128 in falsetto, 128, 283 [1], 283 [4] in high-speed videoendoscopy, 251 incomplete, 129f, 130, 283 [4], 286 [20] decreased vibratory amplitude and, 164, 287 [25], 288 [27,28] irregular, 130, 130f, 285 [19] mass lesions preventing, , 157f 158f, 285 [18], 287 [26] during modal phonation, 128, 283 [1] problems preventing, , 151f 152f, 285 [16 19], 287 [24 26] protective reflex, 34 rating scales, spindle-shaped, 131 swallowing and, 34 vocal fold defects and, , 159f Glottal configuration. See also Glottal closure age and, 132 anterior gap, 130, 130f, 286 [21] defined, 128 gender and, 132 high-speed laryngeal imaging and, , 275t hourglass-shaped, 130, 130f, 285 [18] in laryngitis examination, 202 measurement, technical considerations in, 133 during modal phonation, 131, 131f Index 297

4 Index 298 Glottal configuration (Continued) mucosal wave and, , 175f 176f, 285 [16,17], 287 [24,25], 288 [27,28] normal, , 129f 131f, 283 [1 3], [15 21] psychoacoustic effects on, rating scales, spindle-shaped, 129f, 130, 285 [16 17] videostroboscopic findings, 93f 94f, 98 Glottal flow waveform, 264 Glottal fry, 37, 128 Glottal gap (chink), 56, 58f anterior, 130, 130f, 283 [3], 286 [21] posterior, 129f, 130, 216, 216f, 285 [15] persistent, after medialization, , 218f, 292 [51] Glottal sulcus. See also Sulcus vocalis in laryngitis examination, , 204f Glottic insufficiency, 215 configuration, , 216f in-office treatment of, 84 measurement, 215 Glottic opening anatomy, 24, 24f 25f persistent, posterior configuration, 285 [15] videostroboscopic findings, 98, 98f 99f Glottis. See also Glottal and Glottic entries anatomy of, 24, 24f 25f competence of, videostroboscopic findings, 98, 98f 99f defined, 128, 128f movement cycle in high-speed videoendoscopy, normal, 283 [1 3], [15 21] width irregularity, high-speed videoendoscopy and, , 267 Glottoscope, 3 4 Greater cornua of hyoid bone, asymmetries, 56, 56f Green, Horace, 6 7, 7f H Hemorrhage, vocal fold, 170, 291 [44] High pitch abnormal vibratory characteristics at, 290 [38] vibratory asymmetry at, 290 [39] High-speed laryngeal imaging. See also High-speed videoendoscopy after surgery, 293 [63] aperiodic vibration, 284 [12] clinical application examples, , 289 [36], [62 66] digital kymography and, 293 [55] equipment for, 272 examination in, , 273f future developments, 279 during glissando, 272, 293 [58] historical background, indications for, interpretation, , 275t, 276f 277f, 277 laryngeal physiology and, limitations, 278 mild vocal fold nodules, 293 [66] in muscle tension dysphonia, 293 [59] normal color, 292 [53] polypoid changes, 293 [64] stroboscopic sampling example and, 107, 108f with stroboscopy overlay, 284 [13], 285 [14] for supportive research, 272 technique, , 273f, 275t, 276f 277f videoendoscopic. See High-speed videoendoscopy videostroboscopic, 173, 173f in vocal tremor, 272, 293 [61] High-speed videoendoscopy, advantages, automatic/semiautomatic measurements with, breakthrough advances in, 258 in clinical practice otolaryngology, speech-language pathology, equipment weight and, methodology, , 259f 261f origins, 247 principles, , 246f as research tool, , 266f stroboscopic sampling and, , 105f, [10 14] examples, 107, 108f technical characteristics, 248f, , 255f unsolved problems, videostroboscopy vs. in aperiodicity analysis, sampling principles, , 248f vibration acoustics relationship, 254, 255f in vibratory features assessment, visualization characteristics, 253 High vagal injury, vocal fold paralysis and, , 214f, 292 [48] Hourglass glottic configuration, 130, 130f mild nodules and, 285 [18] Human factors, in image interpretation variability, 47 Human papilloma virus, pediatric vocal fold lesions from, , 240f Humming, 125 The Hygiene of the Vocal Organs (Mackenzie), 4 Hyoid bone, greater cornua of, asymmetries, 56, 56f Hyperfunctional dysphonia, 65, 175, 176f, 177f

5 Hypofunctional dysphonia, 175, 176f, 286 [20] Hypomobility, vocal fold, diagnostic difficulty, See also Vocal fold paralysis Hypotonia, in vocal fold paralysis, , 214f, 288 [27], 288 [29] I Illumination. See Lighting Image segmentation, in high-speed videoendoscopy, 262 Imaging research, NIH goals for, 49 Immobility. See Vocal fold immobility Implant malposition, after medialization, 218, 218f, 292 [52] In-office procedures, flexible laryngoscopy for, background, case studies, 84 87, 85f 87f contraindications, equipment selection factors, 80 81, 81t indications, 81 82, 81t 82t safety issues, 83 upper airway access factors, 80 81, 81t uses, Indirect laryngoscopy, indications and benefits, 40 limitations, technique, 40 42, 41f 43f Inflammation, laryngeal. See Laryngitis Injection augmentation for glottic insufficiency, 215 poor voice after, 217, 217f, 292 [50] Innervation, laryngeal, 27f, 28, 28f Integration time, in high-speed videoendoscopy, 248f, Interarytenoid muscles, 21f, 22 laryngeal motion and, 35 Intermittent voicing, 125 Intracordal cysts, in pediatric patient, 237, 239, 239f Intrinsic musculature, laryngeal, 20, 21f 23f, J Jackson, Chevalier, 3, 6, 8, 8f Jostle sign, 212 K Killian, Gustav, 3, 7, 8, 9f Kirstein, Alfred, 3, 7, 8, 8f Kymographic segmentation, in high-speed videoendoscopy, 262 Kymography aperiodic vibrations and, 274 digital, 250, 293 [54] high-speed videoendoscopy and, 250 mucosal wave playback, 293 [57] videokymography, , 174f L Laboratory for the Assessment of Medical Imaging Systems, 49 Lamina propria, vocal fold. See also Superficial lamina propria anatomy, 24 histology, LAMIS (Laboratory for the Assessment of Medical Imaging Systems), 49 Laryngeal imaging endoscopy role in dysphonia, as feedback tool, 74f 75f, high speed. See High-speed laryngeal imaging; High-speed videoendoscopy interpretation reliability in, improvement recommendations, 50 other medical imaging comparisons, research interest in, variability sources, 47 48, 48f origins, 3 14 in pediatric patients, common findings, 237, 238f 241f, fiberoptic endoscopy, , 235f, 236f normal anatomy, , 233f 234f operative endoscopy, 237, 237f rigid endoscopy, 236, 236f Laryngeal motion, and vibratory physiology, 35 37, 36f, 37f Laryngeal myoclonus, 66 Laryngeal nerve recurrent, injury to, , 171f, 287 [25], 288 [27,28] superior, paralysis of, 170, 170f Laryngeal web, in pediatric patient, 240, 240f Laryngitis, acute, 200, 200f characteristics, , 200f chronic, 200, 200f, 291 [47] pathophysiology, 200f, 201 videostroboscopic examination, , 203f 206f Laryngology historical background, 3 6, 4f 6f microlaryngology in pediatric patients, 237, 237f pediatric microlaryngology, 237, 237f Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease, , 205f 206f Laryngoplasty. See Medialization laryngoplasty Laryngoscopal Surgery Illustrated in the Treatment of Morbid Growths within the Larynx (Elsberg), 6 Index 299

6 Index 300 Laryngoscopy cinematographic, direct. See Direct laryngoscopy flexible, 12 indirect. See Indirect laryngoscopy magnified, mirror, 3 6, 4f 6f photographic technique, 12, 13f rigid telescopic, 12 in vocal fold paralysis during phonation, , 216f, 292 [49] at quiet respiration, , 213f 214f, 288 [27,29 30], 292 [48] vocal fold paresis, Laryngospasm, 34 in high-speed videoendoscopy, 252 reflux-induced, 65 Laryngotracheal cleft, in pediatric patient, 240, 240f Larynx anatomy, 18 27, 18f in pediatric patients, , 233f 234f structural asymmetries, 52 57, 54f 58 blood supply, 27f, 28 29, 28f cartilage, 18, 19f 21f, 20. See also individually named cartilage developmental adaptations, high-speed imaging. See High-speed laryngeal imaging imaging of. See Laryngeal imaging; Laryngoscopy inflammation. See Laryngitis innervation, 27f, 28, 28f membranes, 19f, 20 musculature, intrinsic, 20, 21f 23f, physiology, rapid maneuvers, on high-speed videoendoscopy, respiratory physiology, surface anatomy, 23 27, 24f 27f swallowing and, tissue pathology, 72 73, 73f 74f in videostroboscopic examination, , 123f Laughing, in high-speed videoendoscopy, Leukoplakia laryngeal, diagnostic work-up, 230 histopathology, , 227f 229f, 289 [35] videostroboscopic evaluation, , 289 [35] vocal fold, 178, 179f, 289 [35] in laryngitis examination, 203, 204f Light conductor (Lichtleiter), 3, 4f Lighting for direct laryngoscopy, 11 for high-speed videoendoscopy, Locked mode, videostroboscopy in, 283 [2] LPR (laryngopharyngeal reflux) disease, , 205f 206f Lungfish (Polypterus), 30 M Magnified laryngoscopy, Maladaptive behaviors laryngeal pathology and, 72 73, 73f 74f treatment, 74 75, 74f 75f vocal pathology and, 70 71, 71f 72f Mammography, interpretation reliability in, 46 Mapping vocal space, 74 Mechanoreceptors, laryngeal, 34 Medial compressive forces, mucosal wave and, 175, 176f 177f Medialization laryngoplasty for glottic insufficiency, 215 implant malposition, 218, 218f, 292 [52] persistent posterior gap after, 292 [51] poor voice after, 292 [50] Medical Image Perception Laboratory (University of Iowa), 50 Medical Image Perception Society, 49 Membranes, 19f, 20 quadrangular, 25, 25f 27f Membranous vocal fold, 24, 24f anterior, in videostroboscopic examination, 122 shortening of vibratory portion in, 162 Microlaryngology, pediatric, 237, 237f MIPS (Medical Image Perception Society), 49 Mirror laryngoscopy, 4, 5 historical background, 3 6, 4f 6f instrument development, 5, 6f limitations, 80 medical application, 5 Modal phonation, 37 glottal closure during, 128, 283 [1] Motion picture imaging, historical background, Mucosal wave abnormalities, glottal configuration and, , 175f 176f, 285 [16,17], 287 [24,25], 288 [27,28] high-speed laryngeal imaging and, 275, 276f high-speed videoendoscopy and, 251, interpretation, limitations and concerns, kymography playback, 293 [57] in laryngitis examination, medial compressive forces and, 175, 176f 177f normal, , 144f, [5 7] normal, slow-motion assessment, 284 [7] respiratory effects on, 174 superficial lamina propria and, 175, , 177f 178f

7 in videostroboscopic examination, 95, 285 [7] in vocal fold paralysis, 217 Mucosal wave playback, , 261f, 262f, 293 [56] kymography, 260, 261f Mucus aggregation, high-speed videoendoscopy and, Muscle tension dysphonia, decreased vibratory amplitude and, 163, 286 [20] high-speed laryngeal imaging in, 272, 286 [20], 293 [59] hyperfunctional, 65, 175, 176f, 177f hypofunctional, 175, 176f, 286 [20] laryngeal endoscopy role in, neurologic evaluation, 222 videostroboscopy, Musculature, laryngeal intrinsic, 20, 21f 23f, evaluation in flexible laryngoscopic examination, Myoclonus, laryngeal, 66 N National Institutes of Health, imaging research goals, 49 Neck, in videostroboscopic examination, 118 Neurologic evaluation in flexible laryngoscopic examination, 66, 67 in spasmodic dysphonia assessment, 222 NIH (National Institutes of Health), imaging research goals, 49 No-fault gag, during videostroboscopic examination, Nodules, vocal fold, , 184f 189f cysts vs., high-speed imaging and, 279 diagnostic criteria, 186 effect on vibratory characteristics, fibrotic, 285 [18], 290 [40] mild, 285 [18] high-speed imaging of, 293 [66] videostroboscopy of, 293 [65] mucosal wave and, 178, 179f in pediatric patient, 237, 237f, 238f 239f O Objective measures, in high-speed videoendoscopy, , Oertel s laryngeal stroboscope, 10, 11f On the Surgical Treatment of Polypi of the Larynx, and Oedema of the Glottis (Green), 7 Open quotient, in high-speed videoendoscopy, 251, 268 Operative endoscopy, in pediatric patient, 237 Oral swallow stage, 34 Otolaryngology practice, high-speed videoendoscopy in, Overinjection, medialization and, 217, 217f, 292 [50] P Pachydermia, vocal fold, in laryngitis examination, 203 Papillomatosis, tracheal, in-office treatment example, 85, 86f 87f, 87 Paralysis laryngeal, superior laryngeal nerve, vibratory effect, 170, 170f vocal fold. See Vocal fold paralysis Paralytic falsetto, 216, 216f, 287 [25] Paresis laryngeal, superior laryngeal nerve, 170, 170f vocal fold. See Vocal fold paresis Patient position for high-speed laryngeal examination, 273 for indirect laryngoscopy, 41, 42f in pediatric imaging procedure, 235, 236f for phonoscopic examination, for videostroboscopic examination, 113 physical challenges in, 118 Patient preparation, for videostroboscopic examination, Pediatric patients imaging techniques in, common findings, 237, 238f 241f, fiberoptic endoscopy, , 235f, 236f normal anatomy, , 233f 234f operative endoscopy, 237, 237f rigid endoscopy, 236, 236f videostroboscopic examination in, Percent open phase, high-speed laryngeal imaging and, 275, 277, 277f Periodicity high-speed laryngeal imaging and, 274 high-speed videoendoscopy and, , 267 of vibration, videostroboscopy and, 93, 283 [2] Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery (Jackson), 6 Persistence of vision, Talbot s law and, 103 Phantasmascope, 102 Pharyngeal swallow stage, 34 Phase asymmetry/symmetry, 165, 166f 167f in high-speed videoendoscopy, 250, 267 in vibratory cycle, Phase(s) characteristics in laryngitis examination, 202 high-speed imaging and, 275, 277, 277f in vibratory cycle, 37 in videostroboscopic examination, 93, 93f 94f, 135, 283 [3], 283 [4], 284 [6] Index 301

8 Index 302 Phenakistiscope, 102 Phonation. See also Voice production breaks in, high-speed videoendoscopy and, 252 laryngeal development and, 30 during laryngoscopy in vocal fold paralysis, , 216f, 287 [25], 292 [49] loud, 132 modal. See Modal phonation models, 36 register, vibratory-phonatory cycle in, 35 36, 36f, 37f Phonatory offset, 293 [55] Phonoscopic examination, flexible endoscopy vs., 76 indications for, 77 limitations, training for, 78 value, 70 76, 71f 75f Phonosurgery, Phonotrauma, acute, 170, 291 [44] Phonovibrogram, 260 Photography, laryngeal, 12, 13f Piriform sinuses secretion pooling in, 121 structural asymmetries in, 56, 56f Pitch changes in. See Pitch changes glottal configuration and, 132 high abnormal vibratory characteristics at, 290 [38] vibratory asymmetry at, 290 [39] phonation models and, 36 voicing at different, 125 Pitch changes effect on vibratory characteristics, 283 [5] vocal tremor due to, videostroboscopy of, 293 [60] Pixel resolution, in high-speed videoendoscopy, 257 Playbacks, in high-speed videoendoscopy digital kymography, , 259f, 260f mucosal wave, , 261f, 262f mucosal wave kymography, 260, 261f phonovibrogram, 260 Polypoid changes, 289 [36] high-speed imaging, 278, 293 [64] Polyposis, Reinke s, 165, 166f Polyps, vocal fold, 185, , 285 [19], 286 [23], 291 [46] cysts vs., high-speed imaging and, 279 defined, , 192f diagnosis of criteria for, 186 pearls and pitfalls in, , 287 [26], 289 [33] impact on vibratory parameters, , 193f 198f, 286 [23], 287 [26], 291 [46] pathogenesis, , 192f stroboscopy indications and usefulness, videostroboscopic findings, 99, 99f Polypterus (lungfish), 30 Postoperative recovery, high-speed imaging in, 278, 293 [62 63] Presbyphonia, , 174, 175f mild, 285 [16] moderate, 285 [17] severe, 287 [24] vocal fold paralysis with, 288 [27] Q Quadrangular membranes, 25, 25f 27f Quiet respiration, laryngoscopy at, , 213f 214f, 288 [27,29 30], 292 [48] evaluation, 65 R Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, , 171f Recurrent respiratory papilloma, in pediatric patient, , 240f Reflux, laryngitis examination and, , 205f 206f Reflux finding score, 207 Rehabilitative intervention. See Endolaryngeal surgery Reinke s edema, 187, 289 [36] diagnostic criteria, 186 in laryngitis examination, 203, 203f, 289 [36] superficial lamina propria, 289 [37] Reliability, in laryngeal imaging interpretation, improvement recommendations, 50 research interest in, variability sources, 47 48, 48f Respiration laryngeal role in, mucosal wave and, 174 quiet. See Quiet respiration, laryngoscopy at RFS (reflux finding score), 207 Rigid endoscopy in high-speed laryngeal imaging, , 273f in pediatric patient, 236, 236f telescopic, 80 in videostroboscopy. See Videostroboscopic examination Rigid telescopic laryngoscopy, 12 Rima glottis, 24, 24f Room preparation, for videostroboscopic examination, 111, 112f S Sampling principles, high-speed videoendoscopy vs. videostroboscopy, , 248f stroboscopic. See Stroboscopic sampling

9 Sargent, John Singer, 4 5 Scar/scarring, vocal fold, 169, 169f, 291 [43]. See also Sulcus vocalis in laryngitis examination, 203, 204f, 289 [33] mucosal wave effects, , 177f 179f Segmentation, in high-speed videoendoscopy, 262 Seiffert s direct laryngoscope, 9, 10f Semiautomatic videoendoscopy measures, classification, 253 Sensitivity, in high-speed videoendoscopy, Sentences, for abductor/adductor spasmodic dysphonia assessment, , 222t Shadowing, 286 [22] Signature-based delay measurements, voice signals and, Simulated stroboscopy with audio, Singing voice, evaluation in flexible laryngoscopic examination, 67 Sniffing position, for indirect laryngoscopy, 41, 42f Solis-Cohen, Jacob da Silva, 6 Sound, production of. See Phonation; Voice production Spasm, laryngeal. See Laryngospasm Spasmodic dysphonia, 65 66, 175, 177f, dysdiadokinesis and, 67 forms of, 221. See also Abductor spasmodic dysphonia; Adductor spasmodic dysphonia high-speed laryngeal imaging in, 272 laryngeal endoscopy role in, neurologic evaluation, 222 videostroboscopy in, Spatial resolution, in high-speed videoendoscopy, 257 Speaking voice, evaluation in flexible laryngoscopic examination, Speech-language pathology flexible endoscopy evaluation, See also Phonoscopic examination high-speed videoendoscopy use in, Squamous cell carcinoma, 229f, 230 Stein s laryngeal photography, 12, 13f Stiffness. See Vocal fold stiffness Strobe effect, in stroboscopy, 104, 104f Stroboscope, 102 Oertel s laryngeal, 10, 11f for videostroboscopic examination insertion, maneuvering, 116, 116f warming/defogging, 115 Stroboscopic sampling principles, , 104f video interlacing on effects of, , 105f, [10 14] as reference, examples, 107, 108f Stroboscopy, See also Videostroboscopy current systems, high-speed imaging with, 284 [13], 285 [14] historical background, 10 11, 11f, 102 normal structural asymmetries seen in, 53 simulated, with audio, in vocal fold paralysis, in vocal fold vibration examination, 101, 102f, , 105f examples, 107, 108f, [10 14] Sulcus vocalis, , 158f classification, 169 in pediatric patient, 237, 239, 240f treatment, 239 vibratory asymmetry and, , 169f Superficial lamina propria edema. See Reinke s edema in laryngitis examination, 201 mucosal wave and, 175, , 177f 178f, 285 [18], [32 33,35], 290 [40] Superior laryngeal nerve paresis/paralysis, 170, 170f Supraglottic mass, in-office treatment example, 84 85, 85f Suspension laryngoscopy, 8 9 Swallowing laryngeal contribution to, stages, 34 T Talbot Plateau law, 103 Talbot s law, 103 Tears, vocal fold, 170 Technological factors, in image interpretation variability, 47 Temporal segmentation, in high-speed videoendoscopy, 262 Throat clearing, in high-speed videoendoscopy, Thyroarytenoid muscles, 21, 21f, 24 Thyroid cartilage, 18, 20f, 21f, 24 Time aliasing, in stroboscopy, 104 Tongue, in videostroboscopic examination, , 113f challenges, 118 Torsion laryngoscope holders, 9 Tracheal papillomatosis, in-office treatment example, 85, 86f 87f, 87 Transglottal airflow, 264 Transnasal esophagoscopes, 80 Treatment probing, 69 laryngeal imaging as feedback tool in, 74f 75f, Tremor. See Vocal tremor True vocal folds, 24, 24f 25f, 27f Index 303

10 Index 304 U Upper airway, access to, for in-office procedures, 80 81, 81t Uvula, notch in, 56, 57f V Vagal nerve injury, vocal fold paralysis and, , 214f, 292 [48] Vallecular cyst, 56, 57f Variability in imaging interpretation, sources, normal laryngeal, 52 57, 54f 58f Ventricular folds, 25, 25f 27f hypertrophy, vocal fold paralysis with, 292 [49] Vibration, vocal fold abnormalities of asymmetry. See Vibratory asymmetry decreased amplitude, mucosal wave, persistent glottic opening, and acoustics relationship, high-speed videoendoscopy and, 254, 255f amplitude of. See Vibratory amplitude aperiodic. See Aperiodicity bimodal, 286 [23] biomechanics, 32 33, 32f body-cover theory of, 32 33, 32f, 226 characteristics, volume change affecting, 93, 284 [6] constant light vs. videostroboscopy, 283 [1] normal, 284 [10] patterns, 37 periodic. See Periodicity physiology, laryngeal motion and, 35 37, 36f, 37f shadowing, 286 [22] slow-motion assessment, 284 [7] symmetry in, 92 93, 283 [3] transglottal airflow and, 264 visualization, methods for slowing down, , 246f Vibrato voicing, 284 [9] Vibratory amplitude asymmetric, 165, 166f 167f decreased, , 283 [3], [5,6] pathologic factors, , 162t, 286 [20], [25 28], [32 37] physiologic factors, , 162t, [4 6] high-speed laryngeal imaging and, 275, 276f in laryngitis examination, 202 normal, , 142f 143f, 283 [3], [5,6], 285 [16,17], 287 [24] in videostroboscopic examination, [5 6] Vibratory asymmetry, , 286 [22], [32 34]. See also Aperiodicity high-speed laryngeal imaging and, 274 interpretation, , 168f 171f Vibratory characteristics abnormal at high pitch, 290 [38] pitch change affecting, 283 [5] vocal fold pathology and laryngeal inflammation, laryngeal paralysis and paresis, leukoplakia and neoplasm, muscle tension dysphonia, nodules, polyps and cysts, spasmodic dysphonia, Vibratory-phonatory cycle, 35 36, 36f, 37f phase characteristics in, Videoendoscopy high speed. See High-speed videoendoscopy in pediatric laryngeal examination, 234 flexible endoscope, , 236f rigid endoscope, 236, 236f vibratory amplitude, , 142f 143f, [5,6], 285 [16,17], 287 [24] Videokymography, , 174f Videostroboscopic examination, , 113f anatomic challenges in, 118 clinician preparation for, 110 general observations in, interdisciplinary communication and, 88f 89f, interpretation, in laryngeal leukoplakia evaluation, 289 [35] patient preparation for, in pediatric patient, 236 performing, problems encountered during, overcoming, protocol for, , 116f room preparation for, 112, 112f technique, 92 93, 93f 94f, 95, [2 7] visualization of larynx in, , 123f voice production observations in, , 124f Videostroboscopy, after surgery, 293 [62] aperiodicity during, tracking and, 284 [11] constant light vs., 283 [1] in dysphonia, of falsetto, 283 [4] in glottal configuration measurement, 133 high-speed videoendoscopy vs. in aperiodicity analysis, sampling principles, , 248f vibration acoustics relationship, 254, 255f in vibratory features assessment, indications for, in laryngeal leukoplakia evaluation,

11 limitations, 95 97, 173, 283 [1], 284 [8,9] in locked mode, 283 [2] mild vocal fold nodules, 293 [65] normal findings on glottic configuration, , 129f 131f mucosal wave, 111f, , [5 7] performing, See also Videostroboscopic examination rapid alternating movement, 284 [8] value of, 95 vocal tremor, 293 [60] Viral lesions, in pediatric patient, , 240f Vision, persistence of, Talbot s law and, 103 Vision and Image Understanding Laboratory (University of California), Visual perceptions, of apparent motion, Vocal attack time, in high-speed videoendoscopy, 252, 264 Vocal fatigue, context-specific, 71, 72f Vocal fold bowing. See Presbyphonia Vocal fold immobility, 174, 176f with atrophy, 288 [29] paralysis vs., 212. See also Vocal fold paralysis with some adaption, 288 [28] unilateral, , 126f, 154, 288 [28] with ventricular hypertrophy, 292 [49] Vocal fold masses asymmetric, 291 [45] decreased vibratory amplitude and, 163, 289 [36,37] malignant, 178, 179f, 289 [35] in pediatric patient, , 240f polypoid changes, 289 [36] preventing glottal closure, , 157f 158f submucosal mass, 289 [34] vibration asymmetry and, 166f, , 168f, 285 [18,19], 287 [26], 289 [34,35], 290 [40 42] Vocal fold paralysis, , 154f 156f, 287 [25], 288 [27 30]. See also Vocal fold immobility with adaptation, 288 [28] with bowing, , 214f, 288 [27] falsetto in, 216, 216f, 287 [25] laryngoscopy, , 213f 218f pathophysiology, , 212f videostroboscopic findings in, 98, 98f 99f Vocal fold paresis, laryngoscopy, Vocal fold stiffness, 32 33, 288 [32], 289 [33] aperiodicity vs., 279 decreased vibratory amplitude and, , 287 [26], [32 35] vibratory asymmetry and, , 169f, 288 [32], 289 [33], 291 [43] Vocal fold symmetry, clinical relevance, 136, 286 [22,23] evaluation methods, , 136f, [1,3,5 7], 285 [15], 285 [21] variations in, , [4 6] Vocal fold tension increased, vibratory amplitude and, , 286 [20] vibratory effect, , 170f, 171f Vocal folds amplitude of vibration, , 142f 143f, [4 6], 285 [16,17], 287 [24] asymmetric bulk, 290 [41], 290 [42] augmented, 288 [31] closure. See Glottal closure configuration. See Glottal configuration defects in, , 159f false. See False vocal folds in glottis anatomy, 24, 24f 25f, 27f histology, 31 33, 31f, 32f inflammation, 289 [37] lesions. See Vocal fold masses mucosal wave and. See Mucosal wave polypoid. See Reinke s edema true, 24, 24f 25f in videostroboscopic examination, anterior membranous, 122 posterior cartilaginous, 122 in whisper, 71, 71f Vocal fry. See Glottal fry Vocal ligament, 21f, 26f, 27 Vocal pathology defined, 70 phonoscopic examination in, 70 71, 71f 72f Vocal space, mapping, 74 75, 74f 75f Vocal tremor, 291 [43] high-speed laryngeal imaging of, 272, 293 [61] videostroboscopy of, 272, 293 [60] Vocalis muscle, 21, 21f atrophy of, 155 Voice disorders adaptive dysphonias, 70 71, 71f 72f high-speed videoendoscopy data from, 268 laryngeal pathology and, 72 73, 73f 74f therapy for, 74 75, 74f 75f Voice production. See also Phonation assessment, flexible laryngoscopy for, different pitches, 125 glissando, 124, 124f humming, 125 intermittent, 125 normal, 57, 283 [1] onset and offset, 293 [55] high-speed videoendoscopy, 252 videostroboscopy, 284 [8] vibrato, 284 [9] vibratory-phonatory cycle for, 35 36, 36f, 37f in videostroboscopic examination, voice sample, Voice signals, measuring delay between, Index 305

12 Voice therapy, 74 75, 74f 75f phonoscopic examination indications and, 77 Voicing. See Voice production Volume change, effect on vibratory characteristics, 93, 284 [6] von Leden, Hans, W Weight (equipment), in high-speed videoendoscopy, Whisper, vocal folds in, 71, 71f Whistling, in flexible laryngoscopic examination, 67 Index 306