What is on our plate in the Netherlands: sustainable diets?

Transcription

1 What is on our plate in the Netherlands: sustainable diets? With contribution of Sander Biesbroek Mirjam van de Kamp What is on our plate in the Netherlands: sustainable diets? 30 november 2017

2 Contents 1. Intro 2. What is on our plate? 3. What should be on our plate? Healthy? Environmentally sustainable? 4. Conclusion What is on our plate in the Netherlands: sustainable diets? 30 november 2017

3 Intro: Environmental sustainability importance, focus and indicators- 3 Environmental sustainability of the Dutch diet May 19 th 2016

4 Urgency from climate change (and other) perspective(s) Food consumption and production accounts for up to 30% of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE ) are a major factor in land use, land transformation and resource depletion. The European Commission set a target for to reduce GHGE by at least 20% in 2020 (compared with 1990) and 40% in The current way of food production and consumption is not sustainable (SDG12) 4 Environmental sustainability of the Dutch diet May 19 th 2016

5 Definition The FAO defines sustainable diets or food consumption as diets protective and respectful of biodiversity and ecosystems, culturally acceptable, accessible, economically fair and affordable; nutritionally adequate, safe and healthy; while optimizing natural and human resources. 5

6 Food consumption and Environmental impact Midpoint Endpoint Land use Water use emissions Greenhouse gas emission resource use Eutrophication Acidification Biodiversity Resource depletion Toxic compounds Soil depletion 6 Greenhouse gas emission (GHG) in CO2 equivalents

7 7

8 Environmental impact of foods per kg of food 8 aha Date_Text

9 Food consumption and health Consumer food intake macro/micronutrients intake risk factors health/disease disease mortality midpoint endpoint 9 What is on our plate in the Netherlands: sustainable diets? 30 november 2017

10 What is on our plate? 3 kilo per day 21 different foods 7 eating moments 10 Ocké et al, 2017

11 Environmentally sustainable? Daily food consumption adults, the Netherlands 4-5 kg CO 2 -eq / dag 11

12 What is on our plate during the day? 2.5 Other Greenhouse gas emissios (kg CO2-eq) Beverages Dairy products (excluding cheese) Vegetables and fruit Potatoes, pasta, rice, bread, legumes Cheese Meat, fish, egg Breakfast Lunch Dinner In between meals 12 Van de Kamp et al, submitted

13 13 Temme et al, 2015

14 14 Temme et al, 2015

15 Food consumption and disease/mortality (EPIC-NL) participants, NL cohort 178 item FFQ Median 16 yr follow-up 15

16 Energy intake and GHG Correlation between daily energy intake and GHG emission (in kg CO 2 eq) of daily diets (data from EPIC NL cohort study) 16

17 GHG and food consumption 17

18 What should be on our plate? Healthy? Dutch Healthy Diet index (DHD15) Wheel of five (Schijf van Vijf) Environmentally friendly? 18 Sustainability and Health

19 19 DHD15-index Maximum score (10 points) Minimum score (0 points) 1. Vegetables (g) Fruit (g) a. Wholegrain products (g) 3b. Replace refined with wholegrain products 90 (5 points) No consumption of refined products or ratio wholegrain/refined 11 (5 points) 0 No consumption of wholegrain products or ratio wholegrain/refined Legumes (g) Nuts (g) Dairy products b (g) or Fish c (g) Tea (g) Replace butter and hard fats with margarines and oils 10. Replace unfiltered coffee with filtered coffee No consumption of fats or ratio oils/fats 13 Consumption of only filtered coffee or no coffee consumption No consumption of oils or ratio 0.6 Any consumption of unfiltered coffee 11. Red meat (g) < Processed meat (g) Sweetened beverages and fruit juices (g) 14. Alcohol (g) Men: 30 Women: Sodium (g) <

20 What should be on our plate? General guideline: more plant foodbased dietary pattern and limit consumption of animal-based food Dairy gram Red meat < 45 gram per day No processed meat Whole grain 20

21 What should be on our plate? General guideline: more plant foodbased dietary pattern and limit consumption of animal-based food Sweetened beverages and fruit juices (0 ml) Tea (450 ml) Alcohol (10 g) 21

22 DHD-15 scores of diets and GHG Out of 40,000 subjects there is nobody with the maximum score 22 Biesbroek et al, 2017

23 Adherence to DHD-15 and all cause mortality All-cause mortality DHD15-index Tertile 1 DHD15-index Tertile 2 DHD15-index Tertile 3 Men No. of deaths Person-years (median) Model 1 (REF) 1.04 (0.88;1.21) 0.84 (0.69;0.98) Women No. of deaths Person-years (median) Model 1 (REF) 0.86 (0.78;0.93) 0.85 (0.78;0.94) Model: adjusted for age at baseline, body mass index, educational level, smoking status, total daily energy intake, and physical activity level. 23 Biesbroek et al, 2017

24 Level of adherence to DHD-15 and GHG Tertile 3- Tertile 1 -> -6% GHG emissions men Tertile 3- Tertile 1 -> -5% GHG emissions women P< for all tertiles. Corrected for age, energy intake and physical activity 24 Biesbroek et al, 2017

25 Healthy diets with reduced environmental impact? The greenhouse gas emissions of various diets adhering to the Dutch food based dietary guidelines. 25

26 5 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission associated with current Dutch diet and the Dutch Wheel of Five* 4.5 kg CO 2 equivalents/2000 kcal Current Dutch diet Wheel of Five Men years Women years * food based dietary guidelines covering around 85% of estimated average energy requirements 26 Van de Kamp et al, 2017

27 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission associated with food consumption according to the Dutch Wheel of Five* kg CO 2 equivalents/day Men years Women years Wheel of Five Wheel of Five only low GHG emission foods * food based dietary guidelines covering around 85% of estimated average energy requirements Wheel of Five without meat Wheel of Five without meat and only low GHG emission foods 27 Van de Kamp et al, 2017

28 (More) sustainable diets! What is on our plate? What should be on our plate? For lower environmental impact of food consumption and improved public health the main targets are: Avoidance of overconsumption of food Improving the ratio of plant-based to animal-based foods in meals, diets, and the food supply. Replacement of soft drinks and alcoholic drinks by tap water Additional measures/advices/(policy) interventions/knowledge are/is needed for more eco-friendly diets 28 What is on our plate in the Netherlands: sustainable diets? 30 november 2017

29 Read more.. ( What is on our plate? Safe, healthy and sustainable diets in the Netherlands 06 september 2017, PDF 2MB 92 pagina's Engels Ocke MC, Toxopeus IB, Geurts M, Mengelers MJB, Temme EHM, Hoeymans N. RIVM Report Healthy diets with reduced environmental impact? The greenhouse gas emissions of various diets adhering to the Dutch food based dietary guidelines. Mirjam E. van de Kamp, Corné van Dooren, Anne Hollander, Marjolein Geurts, Elizabeth J. Brink, Caroline van Rossum, Sander Biesbroek, Elias de Valk, Ido B. Toxopeus, Elisabeth H.M. Temme. Food Research International. Available online 6 June In Press Does a better adherence to dietary guidelines reduce mortality risk and environmental impact in the Dutch subcohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition? Biesbroek S, Verschuren WMM, Boer JMA, van de Kamp ME, van der Schouw YT, Geelen A, Looman M, Temme EHM. Br J Nutr Jul;118(1): Development and evaluation of the Dutch Healthy Diet index Looman M, Feskens EJ, de Rijk M, Meijboom S, Biesbroek S, Temme EH, de Vries J, Geelen A. Public Health Nutr Sep;20(13): Are more environmentally sustainable diets with less meat and dairy nutritionally adequate? Seves SM, Verkaik-Kloosterman J, Biesbroek S, Temme EH. Public Health Nutr Aug;20(11): Greenhouse gas emission of diets in the Netherlands and associations with food, energy and macronutrient intakes. Public Health Nutr Sep;18(13): Temme EHM, Toxopeus IB, Kramer GF, Brosens MC, Drijvers JM, Tyszler M, Ocké MC. 29 What is on our plate in the Netherlands: sustainable diets? 30 november 2017