SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

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1 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi:1.138/nature11986 relative IL-6 expression Viable intracellular Bp per well DG Control DG Time (h) hours B. pertussis IL-6 (pg/ml) 15 Control DG 1 IL-6 (ng/ml) Uninfected h B. pertussis + DG DG vehicle S1. -or S. B pertussis- induced IL-6 in BMDMs pretreated ± DG (1mM) for 3 h. S3. Bacterial CFU of B pertussis treated BMDMs were calculated following four days incubation at 37 C. S. IL-6 in serum of mice i.p. injected ± DG (g/kg) or PBS for 3 h, then or PBS solution for 1.5 h. n=15; +DG n=1; DG n=8; vehicle n=5. Error bars ± s.e.m, 1

2 RESEARCH SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION relative WT1 h WT h WT3 h WT1 DG_h WT DG_h WT3 DG_h Annotation IGSFA YDJC GPATCH GOT 3739C5RIK SLC3A GCNT1 6758F9RIK MT1 EF RCC1 NOLA1 6531D6RIK PABPC GNL3 CKS1B PRMT3 VARS A938ARIK FDPS UBA5 CXCR DDIT3 TXNIP PTGER PECR RPL3 H7 PRPS1 GMDS KLF 11A8RIK LOC17619 IDH NANS PLXNC1 ST6GAL1 ENTPD5 TTC7 MYBBP1A UNG LOC3375 SYVN1 SLC39A8 CD3A MGL1 LOC165 D6WSU176E RPS7 NME1 NOL5 RND3 LOC161 BGALNT1 NIBAN IVNS1ABP TMEM8 D1ERTD67E TSPAN3 POP5 EG LOC1858 NME 96696_11_RC RNASE6 FAM19A RPL1A BCLA1D ARD1A NPM3-PS1 NPM3 EG LOC RASGRP H1RIK CD69 GPR A15RIK IL1B CCL GP38 EGLN3 C338K1RIK 19G1RIK GBP5 CD SLC7A UPP1 PRY1 F1 GLRX CLEC7A ABCC5 EPSTI1 GYPC MAD EG37 ANTXR1 LOC35565 ATF3 FCGR1 BC677 LOC6536 CXCL9 FGL ISG FCGR LOC1397 IFNB1 SLAMF N16RIK LOC18556 ZFP36 STAT SIGLEC1 LRP1 CD7 EMP1 E137H16RIK CCDC16 A533O1RIK SLFN LOX IL1RN 9365ARIK GSTT TYKI LIPG OTTMUSG166 GBP DLEU BST1 MSAC DTX PDE7B GBP6 PFKFB3 PGM FLNB ZFP36L1 CD38 BC5717 GBP3 MOV1 ANKRD37 A38P5RIK GBP BC389 HP SIRPB1 APOL9B RP3-357I1.1 LY6A IFIT1 MSA6B IL15 PTGES EVL SLAMF7 OASL1 SCAVENGER RECEPTOR RIN MARCH1 OAS1D MX1 CCL7 HBP1 S5. Heat map representing genes regulated at h by that were both induced (red) and repressed (blue) by DG in BMDMs. n=3

3 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION RESEARCH relative HIF1alpha expression relative IL-1β expression DG + DMOG TNFα (ng/ml) 3 normoxia hypoxia 1 relative luciferase activity 3 1 IL-6 (pg/ml) + DG empty vector IL1B- -3 IL1B 6 normoxia hypoxia S6. HIF-1α mrna in -stimulated BMDMs, pretreated ± DG. S7. -induced, TNFα (left panel) and IL-6 (right panel) in BMDMs incubated in either normoxia (1% oxygen, black bars) or hypoxia (1% oxygen, white bars) for h and then stimulated with for a further h. S8. IL-1β mrna levels in -stimulated BMDMs pretreated with DMOG (μm). Error bars ± s.e.m,. S9. RAW-6 cells transfected with the promoter region of human IL1B (IL1B-) or it s variant (-3 IL1B). Promoter activity was measured by luciferase assay as relative expression over the empty vector control (mean ±s.d.). Representative of 3 independent experiments 3

4 RESEARCH SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION relative MFI h h NAC 8 NAC 8 hours Glucose conversion to Lactate (pmol/min) Time (h) Oxygen Consumption Rate (pmols/min) Time (h) S1. BMDMs stimulated with for and h then stained with CM-HDCFDA and analysed by uorescence-activated cell sorting (left panel). Quantication of three separate experiments displayed as relative mean uorescence intensity (MFI) (right panel). HIF-1α expression in BMDMs pretreated with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) (.5mM) then for up to h (lower panel). S11. HIF-1α expression in -stimulated BMDMs pretreated with PLC inhibitor (1 or μm) and PKC inhibitor (35 or 7nM). S1. BMDMs stimulated with for h were analysed on the Seahorse XF- for ECAR and OCR.

5 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION RESEARCH S13. Schematic summarising key metabolites and genes (highlighted in yellow) that were signicantly enhanced (red) or inhibited (blue) in BMDMs treated with (1ng/ml) for and h. Statistical analysis was performed on BMDMs from 3 separate experiments. Graph shows metabolites signicantly differentially regulated by at and h. Metabolites with p value <.5 and fold-change > 1% were deemed to be statistically signicant. 5

6 RESEARCH SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION WT1 h WT h WT3 h WT1 h WT h WT3 h Annotation SLC11A NUP155 NUP3 NUP17 GOT ALDH1B1 NUP85 AAAS NUP133 NUP1 IDH ALDOC SLC39A8 SLC39A1 SLCA6 NUP5 PHKA MDH1 SLC16A1 SLC6A1 SLC6A13 PGM SLC3A SLC31A1 SLCA1 SLC11A1 ENO ACSS SLC39A7 HK3 PFKFB diethylsuccinate butylmalonate relative PHD3 expression 6 WB: HIF-1α WB: IL-1β WB: β-actin - + succ S1. Heat map representing metabolic genes regulated at and h by that were both induced (red) and repressed (blue) in BMDMs. n=3. S15. HIF-1α and IL-1β expression in BMDMs pretreated ± diethylsuccinate (5mM) or ± butylmalonate for 3 h and for h. S16. PHD3 mrna expression in BMDMs pretreated with diethylsuccinate (succ) (5mM) for 3 h and for h. Error ± s.e.m p <

7 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION RESEARCH - + succ succ succ succ WT KO WT KO WB: IL-1β WB: β-actin relative IL-1β expression WT HIF-1α-/- - succ + succ IL-6 (ng/ml) WT HIF-1α-/- TNFα (ng/ml) WT HIF-1α-/- - succ + succ - succ + succ S17. IL-1β protein and mrna (upper left and right panel) and IL-6 and TNFα (lower left and right panel) expression in WT and HIF-1α-decient BMDMs treated ± diethyl succinate then stimulated for h. Error bars ± s.e.m, 7

8 RESEARCH SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION relative SIRT5 expression 3 1 NAD/NADH ratio pmol/1 6 cells 6 S18. 3 P-NAD assay detecting SIRT5-catalyzed hydrolysis of succinyl and malonyl peptides, which formed 3 P-labeled O-Su-ADPR and O-Ma-ADPR. Trypsin digested peptides of whole BMDM cell lysates treated with (lane 1) showed higher protein succinylation level compared with control group (lane 1). Synthetic H3K9 succinyl and malonyl peptides were used as positive controls (lane 8 and 9) to indicate the reference positions of O-Su-ADPR and O-Ma-ADPR. S19. SIRT5 mrna expression in BMDMs treated with for h. S. NAD/NADH ratio in BMDMs treated with for h. 8

9 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION RESEARCH relative SLC3A expression control peptide MyD88 inhibitor relative SLC3A expression Non-sil sirna SLC3A IL-6 (ng/ml) non-sil sirna SLC3A TNFα (ng/ml) Non-sil sirna SLC3A relative SLC3A expression Non-sil sirna SLC3A relative IL-1β expression 3 1 Non-sil sirna SLC3A S1. SLC3A mrna in stimulated BMDMs pretreated with control peptide (5μM) or MyD88 inhibitory peptide (5μM) for 5 h. S. SLC3A mrna, IL-6 and TNFα protein in human PBMCs with SLC3A expression knocked down using 1nM sirna compared to 1nM sirna of a nonsilencing control. Data shown is representative of 3 separate experiments ± S3. SLC3A and IL-1β mrna expression in RAW-6 cells transfected with either 1nM sirna or 1nM sirna of a non-silencing control. n=3. Error bars ± s.e.m, 9

10 RESEARCH SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION relative PHD3 expression V relative IL-6 expression V TNFα (ng/ml) V 6 IL-6 (ng/ml) 3 1 TNFα (ng/ml) + V V vehicle + V V vehicle 8. Log Value (CFU -3) Salmonella Salmonella + V S. PHD3 mrna (n=7), TNFα protein (n=9) and IL-6 mrna (n=) in serum-deprived stimulated BMDMs pretreated ± vigabatrin (5μM) for 3 min. S5. Mice i.p. injected ± vigabatrin (mg/kg) or PBS for 1.5 h, then 15 mg/kg or PBS for 1.5 h. Serum levels of IL-6 and TNFα. n=16; +vigabatrin ( + V) n=1; vigabatrin (V) n=3; vehicle n=3. S6. Mice i.p. injected mice ± vigabatrin (mg/kg) or PBS for 1.5 h then infected with 1x1 6 SalmonellaTyphimurium UK1 i.p. for h. Spleens were harvested, homogenised in PBS and following serial dilution plated onto agar plates and left at 37 C overnight, bacterial load was assessed by colony forming units (CFU).Error bars ± s.e.m, 1