Diet Quality of Sagebrush
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1 Diet Quality of Sagebrush Diet Selection, Habitat Selection, and Influences of Restoration Practices Jennifer S. Forbey and Marcella R. Fremgen, Boise State University John W. Connelly, Idaho Fish and Game, retired March 25, 2015
2 Wild Herbivores Forage Selectively Photos by Jen Forbey
3 Closer to Home: pygmy rabbits are selective Unbrowsed Browsed Photo by Jen Forbey
4 Photo by Jen Forbey 1. Acquire protein/nutrients 2. Avoid toxin consumption
5 Why do animals select for protein? Many positive effects on energetically expensive activities: Maintain body condition Growth Movement Reproduction
6 Protein influences habitat use by pygmy rabbits Length of Occupancy Ulappa et al. in press J. Mammology
7 Figure from Sawyer and Kaufmann 2011 Protein Impacts Movement Variation in forage quality drives animal movements Migratory species most commonly studied
8 Diet Quality Impacts Reproduction Brushtail possum Reproductive success is up to 5 times higher for individuals consuming high quality diets Photo by J.J. Harrison DeGabriel et al. 2009
9 Plants are not an easy source to acquire protein from Co-evolutionary arms race between plants and herbivores Plants physically and/or chemically defended
10 Why do animals avoid toxins? Many negative effects: Bitter taste Nausea Oxidative stress (leads to cell death) Inhibit digestive enzymes Energetically expensive to metabolize
11 Therefore, toxins regulate behavior Selective foraging is an adaptation to avoid toxins in diets
12 Diverse chemicals in sagebrush are TOXIC! 30+ volatile compounds (monoterpenes) 75+ polyphenols (include coumarins) 35+ sesquiterpene lactones
13 Monoterpene Content in Sagebrush
14 Phenolics (polyphenols) Include coumarins Polar phenolics Black > Wyoming Less polar phenolics Wyoming > Black A A A B B A B B A A A A B A A B A B B B A B B A A A B A A B A A A A A A B B A More polar Less polar
15 Toxins limit habitat use by pygmy rabbits Toxin (Artemiseole, ug/dry g) Length of Occupancy Ulappa et al. in press J. Mammology
16 Sage-grouse avoid toxins at multiple spatial scales Landscape scale Patch scale Plant scale Plant Scale Patch Scale Habitat Scale Wyoming Dwarf
17 Habitat Scale: Sage-grouse selected habitats with black sagebrush Wyoming Sagebrush Black sagebrush Fisher s exact test, P < , odds ratio = 27.8 Habitat Scale Wyoming Black
18 Grouse select habitats with low sagebrush Habitat Type Used Random Wyoming sagebrush Low sagebrush Total Chi-squared test, P < 0.001, df=1, X 2 =41.76
19 Selection at the Plant Scale For Protein and Against Toxins Toxin Concentration (AUC/100ug) Photo by Alan Krakauer Figure from Frye 2012
20 Sage grouse select for more coumarins Photo by Brecken Robb Palatable Coumarins a TYPE of phenolic UV fluorescent, used to identify sagebrush species
21 How do grouse select coumarins? Toxins may reflect light in the Ultraviolet (UV), Near Infrared (NIR) and visible spectrum Birds can see in these wavelength
22 What factors can change diet quality? Mowing, herbicide (Beck- UW, BLM) Fire history (Connelly IDFG) Juniper removal (U Idaho, Oregon BLM) Climate change (Germino - USGS)
23 Impacts of Fire on Diet Quality Marcella Fremgen, Dr. John W. Connelly, Dr. Jennifer Forbey (BSU) Project underway, anticipated completion in 2015 South-central Idaho
24 Craters Study Site Southern end of Craters of the Moon National Monument Every used patch has been burned in the last 30 years Relatively low flock sizes Little sagebrush cover Dominant sagebrush species: Wyoming big sagebrush Three-tip sagebrush
25 Craters Habitat Use No landscape scale habitat selection Habitat Type Used Random Wyoming sagebrush 6 8 Three-tip sagebrush 3 1 Mixed 7 7 Total Chi-squared analysis p = , df = 2, U = 0.030
26 Craters Protein Analysis Species Average Std. Error Wyoming sagebrush Three-tip sagebrush Matched pairs analysis comparing browsed and nonbrowsed (trends towards higher in browsed): Wyoming: p = , df = 1, U = Three-tip: p = , df = 1, S =
27 Craters Toxins Total toxin concentration (AUC/mg DW) p < , df = 1, F = But no difference between browsed and non-browsed Three-tip Wyoming
28 Craters Toxins p < , df = 1, F = But no difference between browsed and non-browsed Total number of compounds Three-tip Wyoming
29 Toxin Concentration Species Comparison Three-tip sagebrush Lower protein Higher total AUC Lower number of compounds Wyoming big sagebrush Higher protein Lower total AUC Higher number of compounds Retention time
30 Impacts of Fire on Diet Quality No selection occurred between sagebrush species May simply not have a choice (overall low food availability) Craters: 13% live sagebrush cover Brown s Bench: 17.6% live sagebrush cover Raft River: 25% live sagebrush cover Three-tip re-sprouts after fire May provide food source during restoration efforts
31 Mowing and Herbicide Treatments Dr. Jeff Beck (UW), Dr. Jennifer Forbey (BSU) Project underway, anticipated completion in 2015 Wyoming
32 Juniper Removal Treatments John Severson (UI), Dr. Kerry Reese, Dr. Jennifer Forbey (BSU) Project underway, anticipated completion in 2015 South-central Oregon Photo by Karli Graski and Kayla Luke
33 Photo by Karli Graski and Kayla Luke Sagebrush out-competed by juniper, restoration efforts underway to re-establish healthy sagebrush
34 Low sagebrush (above) and Mountain Big Sagebrush (below) at site in Oregon Photos by Karli Graski and Kayla Luke
35 Pre-treatment (2013) Crude Protein Crude protein (%) LS-C13 LS-NC LS-NJ MBS-C13 MBS-NC MBS-NJ
36 Post-treatment (2014) Crude Protein Crude protein (%) LS-C13 LS-NC LS-NJ MBS-C13 MBS-NC MBS-NJ
37 2 1.5 Average Protein Difference Between 2013 and 2014 at Treatment Sites * * * * * 1 % Crude Protein LS-C13 LS-NC LS-NJ MBS-C13 MBS-NC MBS-NJ Treatment Site
38 Juniper Treatment Effects on Protein Complex, may take more long-term monitoring Current monitoring: no treatment effect BUT annual variation in protein content Species specific variation Other chemical analysis (phenolics, monoterpenes) pending Photo by Karli Graski and Kayla Luke
39 Juniper treatment- pile and burn, hand-cut Photos by Karli Graski and Kayla Luke
40 Impacts of Extensive Treatments?
41 Risks of toxins are predicted to increase with climate change Toxins increase with increasing CO 2 Toxins increase with increased aridity Lower tolerance to toxins with increased temperatures
42 Diversity and Climate Change Chemical diversity may provide some resilience Allow herbivores to select best food as food quality and physiology change
43 If Diet Quality Matters, How Do We Monitor and Manage It? Remotely sensed forest, mapping chemical components of the forest
44 Monitor visual cues at larger spatial scales: Hyperspectral imagery for foodscapes Forest Carbon Chemical composition of tropical forest Amazon Drought
45 Application of monitoring food quality in conservation Prioritize conservation Prioritize restoration Response in management Concentration of toxin
46 Summary: Diet Quality Is Important! Diet quality impacts habitat use, reproduction and movement in some species Certain types of habitat restoration may influence diet quality need to understand for proper management
47 Acknowledgements Dr. Jen Forbey Dr. Jack Connelly Dr. Jeff Beck Dr. Kerry Reese John Severson Forbey lab members
48 Questions? Photo by Aleshia Fremgen
49 Conservation Status and Habitat Quality Implications Photo by Geneva W. Chong Map by Center for Native Ecosystems, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, M. Schroeder
50 Selective Foraging Patch Selection Photo by Mark Summers Figure from Frye 2012
51 Diet quality (especially protein) impacts reproduction Most commonly studied in females More protein in diet Better body condition Higher success Chastel et al. 1995, Hunt et al. 2004, DeGabriel et al. 2009
52 Photo by Tony Palliser Diet Quality Impacts Reproduction Blue petrels Low foraging success means an individual is not able to invest in reproduction that season Chastel et al. 1995
53 Photo by Carol Hermesh Diet Quality Impacts Reproduction Field Crickets Males with more protein in diet able to maintain higher display rates and attract more females Hunt et al. 2004
54 Habitat Scale: Sage-grouse selected patches with black sagebrush to avoid toxins Frye et al. Forbey Black Wyo. Black Wyo. Black Wyo.
55 Objective 1: Structural diversity reflects chemical diversity (monoterpenes) Medium A. arbuscula Small A. arbuscula Large A. t. wyomingensis
56 Objective 1: Structural diversity reflects chemical diversity (coumarins)
57 A. Arbuscula A. t. wyomingensis Results at Raft River: chemical diversity within patches (coumarins) Coumarins F 11 = 4.15, p = 0.07
58 Objective 3: Sage grouse select for Number of Patches high patch diversity Random Used Diversity (Number of Morphotypes in Patch)
59 Monitor visual cues: quantify toxins in sagebrush using Near Infrared sensors Avoided Browsed 0.7 Reflectance Browsed Dwarf Avoided Wyoming Wavelength (nm)
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