Overripeness and the Mammalian Ova
|
|
- Preston Horn
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Overripeness and the Mammalian Ova II. Delayed Ovulation and Chromosome Anomalies ROY L. BUTCHER, PH.D., and N. W. FUGO, PH.D., M.D. THE CAUSES of abortion and birth defects are undoubtedly multiple and for the most part not understood. It has been shown however that some anomalies are associated with abnormal chromosome counts. This is true of Klinefelter's syndrome, ovarian aplasia, and mongolism. Furthermore, the high incidence of chromosomal anomalies in human abortuses 7 suggests that this may be one of the primary causes of miscarriage. We have recently reported that a delay of ovulation for 48 hr. by phenobarbital sodium blockage in rats produces a marked increase in anomalies of early embryonic development. 2 These abnormalities may be the result of either cytoplasmic or chromosomal changes in the ova after delayed ovulation. A high incidence of gross and chromosomal abnormalities have been found in amphibian embryos after a delayed release of the ova. 8 This concept is substantiated further by the report by Iffy that of 19 cases of abortion in which the conception date was known, 14 had conceived after Day 17 of the menstrual cycle. 4 The purpose of the present study is to ascertain whether a delay of ovulation in rats produces alteration in chromosome number, such as could come about by nondisjunction during meiosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ovulation was delayed for 24 or 48 hr. in sexually mature female (Holtzman) rats 3-6 months of age with phenobarbital sodium, by the method of Everett and Sawyer. (For details of the procedure used see Fugo and Butcher.) These animals as weh as control rats were mated to young fertile males. The day that sperm were found in the vaginal smear was From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown, W. Va. Supported by Grant HD from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, U. S. Public Health Service, and by the Association for the Aid of Crippled Children. 297
2 298 BuTCHER & Fuco FERTILITY & STERILITY designated as Day 0 of pregnancy. Chromosome preparations were made using a modification of the method of Moorhead et al. Both experimental and control animals were killed on Day 11 of gestation. Uteri were removed immediately and placed in 0.9% NaCl solution. The opening of implantation sites was antimesometrial. Each embryo was transferred to a 15-ml. conical centrifuge tube containing 2 ml. of magnesium- and calcium-free saline with 1.5 p,g.jml. colchicine. The tubes were placed in a water bath at 37 C. and allowed to remain undisturbed for 50 min. Then 0.25 ml. of 0.25% trypsin was added to each tube and the contents of each tube were gently agitated with a Pasteur capillary pipette at intervals over a 20-min. period to disperse the cells. One drop of IN HCl was added and the tubes were centrifuged at 800 rpm for 8 min. Mter decantation, the tubes were returned to the water bath, 5 ml. of 1% sodium citrate was added to each tube, and the cells were resuspended. After 20 min. in hypotonic solution three or four drops of a methanol: acetic acid ( 3: 1) fixative was added and the tubes were recentrifuged at 800 rpm for 8 min. The HCl and fixative was included in the above procedure to prevent the formation of a gelatin-like clump of cells which would not spin down. Two milliliters of chilled methanol: acetic acid ( 3: 1) fixative were added to the cells and the tubes were placed in the refrigerator for a minimum of 30 min. The cells were then washed in three changes of the fixative and resuspended in about 0.25 ml. of a fixative. The cell suspension was then pipetted onto a tilted microscope slide and dried rapidly by gentle warming. Chromosomes were stained for 20 min. in a freshly prepared Giemsa stain, consisting of 150 ml. distilled water, 8 ml. of Giemsa stain, and 4 ml. of 0.1N NH 4 0H. Karyograms were prepared from 100 treated and 100 control embryos at the initiation of the experiment. Karyograms were then discontinued for embryos with the normal chromosome number of 42, since sex ratios were normal and no anomalies other than the chromosome number were found in the initial 200 embryos examined. Embryos with abnormal chromosome counts were subjected to a sufficient number of karyograms to positively identify the extra or missing chromosomes. Karyograms were prepared as described by Hungerford and Nowell except that the chromosome classified as 13 by them was numbered 18 by us, since it appeared to belong at this position on a basis of decreasing size (Fig. 1). RESULTS Chromosome counts were obtained for a total of 390 treated and 410 control embryos. Abnormal chromosome counts were found in 18 embryos
3 VoL.l8, No.3, 1967 DELAYED OVULATION: II. 299 from the treated animals and in 6 from the control group (Table 1). This difference was determined to be significant (p<0.01) by a chi-square analysis. In the experimental group, 3 monosomy, 2 trisomy, 2 triploids, 1 tetraploid, and 10 mosaics were discovered, while in the control animals, only 3 triploids and 3 mosaics were found. Figures 2-4 are karyograms obtained from 3 of the embryos with abnormal chromosome numbers. As. in cases of chromosomal aberrations in human material, the smaller chromosomes are involved most often in rats. Mosaics of the 41j42 and 42j43 types were found in both experimental and control animals while none of the expected 41j43 type was observed. Seven anomalies (3 monosomy and 4 mosaics) were in the 4-10+X group and may have been XO in 5 embryos or XXY in the other 2. It was not possible to determine whether the extra or missing chromosome in these 7 embryos was an X, since unlike the finding in other strains of rats3 6 the X chromosomes had terminal centromeres as did all other chromosomes of the 4-10 group. Fugo and Butcher found that ovulation rates are normal while fertilization rates decreased after a 2-day delay in ovulation. In the present study ovulation rates based on number of corpora lutea were 14.6 in the treated rats and 14.4 in the controls. The average number of implantation sites vs. number of embryos for the treated and control groups, respectively, were: 8.8 vs. 7.7 and 12.7 vs The percentage of degenerating implantation Fig. 1. Karyogram of normal male rat embryo.
4 300 BuTCHER & Fuco FERTILITY & STERIUTY TABLE 1. Chromosome Anomalies in Treated and Control Embryos Abnormality Sex Affected chromosome No. of embryos TREATED Triploid XXX 2 Tetraploid xxxx 1 Monosomy XO* 4-10+X 3 Trisomy XY Trisomy XX Mosaic XX XY XX XYor XXY* 4-10+X Mosaic XX XX XY XYor XO* 4-lO+X 1 CONTROLS Triploid XXX 1 XXY ~losaic XX XY Mosaic XX or XO* 4-10+X 1 *Sex not certain since X chromosome could not be distinguished from the group. sites was 12.5 in the treated group and 7.1 in the controls. Although the embryos were not studied for gross anomalies, records were made of unusually small embryos found during transfer to the centrifuge tubes. Of 17 small embryos on which countable preparations were made, 4 had abnormal counts: 2 were triploids, 1 a trisomy, and 1 a monosomy. The lower implantation rate and higher incidence of degeneration embryos in the treated group may also have resulted from chromosomal changes. The most seriously affected zygotes are probably eliminated prior to Day 11 of gestation, others may die before birth, and some of the less serious defects may permit the birth of defective young. These problems are under study in our laboratory. DISCUSSION The results of these experiments as well as that of Fugo and Butcher clearly demonstrate the detrimental effect of delayed ovulation on embryonic development in the rat. Decreased fertilization rate, decreased implantation rate, increased embryonic death rate, and the increased inci-
5 1111,. It c.~).~. II AA aa..,..-,-' \lit -.-.-,,,.,. Fig Karyograms from rat embryos. Fig. 2 (top). Triploid condition with XXY sex chromosomes. Fig. 3 (center). Trisomy in group in female. Fig. 4 (bottom). Trisomy of chromosome 12 in female.
6 302 BuTCHER & FuGo FERTILITY & STERILITY dence of chromosomal anomalies found after delayed ovulation in the rat are also the type of phenomena found in women. Although there is no proof that delayed ovulation is the cause of increased congenital anomalies, the report by Iffy mentioned above would suggest that conception late in the menstrual cycle is detrimental to normal embryonic development. Since alterations in the secretion of hypophyseal gonadotrophins accompany the climacteric it would seem possible that the time of ovulation might account for the gradual increase in congenital anomalies occurring with increased maternal age. Variations in the secretions of gonadotrophin could also affect the uterine environment through their action on synthesis of ovarian steroids. The possible effects of changes in uterine environment by blockage of ovulation is to be studied in later experiments. However, abnormalities found in the ova prior to their entering the uterus, 2 as well as the increased incidence of chromosomal anomalies, demonstrate changes in the ova that are independent of the uterine environment. SUMMARY Delayed ovulation resulted in chromosomal anomalies in 18 of 390 rat embryos compared to only 6 anomalies in 410 control embryos. A higher incidence of degenerating embryos and failure of implantation was found in the treated group. This study proves that overripeness of mammalian ova is an important factor in the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities as well as being responsible for early embryonic death. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology West Virginia University Medical Center Morgantown, W.Va REFERENCES 1. EvERETT, J. W., and SAwYER, C. H. A 24-hour periodicity in the "LH-release apparatus" of female rats, disclosed by barbiturate sedation. Endocrinology 47:198, FuGo, N. W., and BUTCHER, R. L. Overripeness and the mammalian ova. I. Overripeness and early embryonic development. Fertil Sterill7:804, HUNGERFORD, D. A., and NowELL, P. C. Sex chromosome polymorphism and the normal karyotype in three strains of the laboratory rat. ] Morph 113:215, IFFY, L. Time of conception in pathological gestation. Proc Roy Soc Med 56: 1098, MooRHEAD, P. S., NowELL, P. C., MELLMAN, W. J., BATTIPS, D. M., and HUNGER FORD, D. A. Chromosome preparations of leukocytes cultured from human peripheral blood. Exp Cell Res 20:613, RIEKE, W. 0., and ScHWARZ, M. R. The culture and karyotype of rat lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. Anat Rec 150:383, SzULMAN, A. E. Chromosome aberrations in early human abortions. Fed Proc 23: 499, WITscm, E., and LAGUENS, R. Chromosomal aberrations in embryos from overripe eggs. Develop Biol 7:605, 1963.
Chromosomal Abnormalities and Karyotypes Creating a Karyotype
Chromosomal Abnormalities and Karyotypes Creating a Karyotype The Normal Human Karyotype The normal human karyotype is composed of SEVEN groups of chromosomes A G plus the sex chromosomes X and Y. The
More informationTesticular hypoplasia in a horned goat with 61, XXY/60, XY karyotype
Jpn. J. Genet. (1986) 61, pp. 177-181 SHORT PAPER Testicular hypoplasia in a horned goat with 61, XXY/60, XY karyotype BY Sandra S. G. TAKEBAYASHI and Wilham JORGE Department of Genetics, State University
More informationCh 20: Reproduction. Keypoints: Human Chromosomes Gametogenesis Fertilization Early development Parturition
Ch 20: Reproduction Keypoints: Human Chromosomes Gametogenesis Fertilization Early development Parturition SLOs Contrast mitosis/meiosis, haploid/diploid, autosomes/sex chromosomes. Outline the hormonal
More informationCYTOGENETICS Dr. Mary Ann Perle
CYTOGENETICS Dr. Mary Ann Perle I) Mitosis and metaphase chromosomes A) Chromosomes are most fully condensed and clearly distinguishable during mitosis. B) Mitosis (M phase) takes 1 to 2 hrs and is divided
More informationThe Chromosomal Basis Of Inheritance
The Chromosomal Basis Of Inheritance Chapter 15 Objectives Explain the chromosomal theory of inheritance and its discovery. Explain why sex-linked diseases are more common in human males than females.
More informationChapter 15 Notes 15.1: Mendelian inheritance chromosome theory of inheritance wild type 15.2: Sex-linked genes
Chapter 15 Notes The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Mendel s hereditary factors were genes, though this wasn t known at the time Now we know that genes are located on The location of a particular gene
More informationCHAPTER-VII : SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER-VII : SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 199 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS t The rapid development of human genetics during the past couple of decades and the discovery of numerous cytogenetic abnormalities have
More informationChromosome pathology
Chromosome pathology S. Dahoun Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Geneva Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and the related disease states caused by abnormal chromosome
More informationThe Living Environment Unit 3 Genetics Unit 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity-class key. Name: Class key. Period:
Name: Class key Period: Chapter 11 assignments Pages/Sections Date Assigned Date Due Topic: Recessive Genetic Disorders Objective: Describe some recessive human genetic disorders. _recessive_ alleles are
More information(Received 5th July 1968)
EFFECT OF AN INTRA-UTERINE DEVICE ON CONCEPTION AND OVULATION IN THE RHESUS MONKEY W. A. KELLY, J. H. MARSTON and P. ECKSTEIN Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Birmingham 15 (Received 5th July 1968)
More informationUnderstanding the Human Karyotype Colleen Jackson Cook, Ph.D.
Understanding the Human Karyotype Colleen Jackson Cook, Ph.D. SUPPLEMENTAL READING Nussbaum, RL, McInnes, RR, and Willard HF (2007) Thompson and Thompson Genetics in Medicine, 7th edition. Saunders: Philadelphia.
More informationKaryology. Preparation and study of karyotypes is part of Cytogenetics.
Chromosomal Karyotyping Karyology Karyotyping - process of pairing and ordering all chromosomes of an organism, thus providing a genome-wide snapshot of an individual's chromosomes. Karyotypes describe
More informationChromosome Abnormalities
Chromosome Abnormalities Chromosomal abnormalities vs. molecular mutations Simply a matter of size Chromosomal abnormalities are big errors Two types of abnormalities 1. Constitutional problem present
More information10.7 The Reproductive Hormones
10.7 The Reproductive Hormones December 10, 2013. Website survey?? QUESTION: Who is more complicated: men or women? The Female Reproductive System ovaries: produce gametes (eggs) produce estrogen (steroid
More information(Received 7th December 1973)
CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES IN RABBIT PREIMPLANTATION BLASTOCYSTS INDUCED BY SUPEROVULATION S. FUJIMOTO, N. PAHLAVAN and W. R. DUKELOW Endocrine Research Unit, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
More informationPreparation of Human Chromosome Spreads - Kit 4. Introduction. This kit contains the following materials:
CellServ@FAES/NIH www.cellserv.org Preparation of Human Chromosome Spreads - Kit 4 Introduction Each somatic cell in the human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. During the interphase stage of the
More informationHormonal Control of Human Reproduction
Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The human male and female reproductive cycles are controlled by the interaction of hormones from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary with
More informationINDUCTION OF OVULATION IN URETHANE-TREATED RATS
5 INDUCTION OF OVULATION IN URETHANE-TREATED RATS Ronald D. Johnson* and Barbara Shirley Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104 Subcutaneous injection of urethane (1 g/kg
More informationKaryotype = a test to identify and evaluate the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells.
Karyotype = a test to identify and evaluate the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells. Homologous chromosomes are arranged by size, banding patterns, and centromere placement.
More informationFemale and Male Reproductive Systems
Female and Male Reproductive Systems Reproductive System: Organs that make possible the production of offspring. Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive System: Words to be familiar with ESTROGEN
More informationWhy do cells reproduce?
Outline Cell Reproduction 1. Overview of Cell Reproduction 2. Cell Reproduction in Prokaryotes 3. Cell Reproduction in Eukaryotes 1. Chromosomes 2. Cell Cycle 3. Mitosis and Cytokinesis Examples of Cell
More informationCh. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Nov 12 12:58 PM 1 Essential Question: Are chromosomes the basis of inheritance? Nov 12 1:00 PM 2 1902 Walter S. Sutton, Theodor Boveri, et al Chromosome Theory
More informationThe beginning of puberty is marked by the progressive increase in the production of sex hormones.
Puberty is characterized by the changes that prepare the human body for the ability to reproduce. This stage generally occurs between the ages of 10 and 14 years old. The beginning of puberty is marked
More informationC ONSIDERABLE ATTENTION has been given to the antifertility effects of
Effects of Clomiphene at Different Stages of Pregnancy in the Rat Implications Regarding Possible Action Mechanisms 0. W. DAVIDSON, M.D.,"' K. WADA, M.D.,t and S. J. SEGAL, Ph.D. C ONSIDERABLE ATTENTION
More informationReproductive physiology. About this Chapter. Case introduction. The brain directs reproduction 2010/6/29. The Male Reproductive System
Section Ⅻ Reproductive physiology Ming-jie Wang E-Mail: mjwang@shmu.edu.cn About this Chapter The reproductive organs and how they work the major endocrine functions of sexual glands actions of sex hormones
More informationThe form of cell division by which gametes, with half the number of chromosomes, are produced. Chromosomes
& Karyotypes The form of cell division by which gametes, with half the number of chromosomes, are produced. Homologous Chromosomes Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are similar in shape,
More informationCONTROL OF CELL DIVISION
CONTROL OF CELL DIVISION Regulation of cell division is necessary to determine when and how cells should divide. Types of Regulators: Internal regulators: Cyclins proteins that regulate the timing of the
More informationCHROMOSOMAL NUMERICAL ABERRATIONS INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL GENETICS OF THE 1 ST FACULTY OF MEDICINE
CHROMOSOMAL NUMERICAL ABERRATIONS INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL GENETICS OF THE 1 ST FACULTY OF MEDICINE CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS NUMERICAL STRUCTURAL ANEUPLOIDY POLYPLOIDY MONOSOMY TRISOMY TRIPLOIDY
More informationLab Activity 36. Principles of Heredity. Portland Community College BI 233
Lab Activity 36 Principles of Heredity Portland Community College BI 233 Terminology of Chromosomes Homologous chromosomes: A pair, of which you get one from mom, and one from dad. Example: the pair of
More informationChromosomes and Human Inheritance. Chapter 11
Chromosomes and Human Inheritance Chapter 11 11.1 Human Chromosomes Human body cells have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes 22 pairs of autosomes 1 pair of sex chromosomes Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes
More informationChromatin-Positive Klinefelter's Syndrome
Chromatin-Positive Klinefelter's Syndrome A Quantitative Analysis of Spermatogonial Deficiency at 3, 4, and 12 Months of Age K. MIKAMO, D.Se., M. AGUERCIF, M.D., P. HAZEGHI, M.D., and R. MARTIN-Du PAN,
More informationFemale Reproductive Physiology. Dr Raelia Lew CREI, FRANZCOG, PhD, MMed, MBBS Fertility Specialist, Melbourne IVF
Female Reproductive Physiology Dr Raelia Lew CREI, FRANZCOG, PhD, MMed, MBBS Fertility Specialist, Melbourne IVF REFERENCE Lew, R, Natural History of ovarian function including assessment of ovarian reserve
More informationSISTEMA REPRODUCTOR (LA IDEA FIJA) Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SISTEMA REPRODUCTOR (LA IDEA FIJA) How male and female reproductive systems differentiate The reproductive organs and how they work How gametes are produced and fertilized Pregnancy, stages of development,
More informationChapter 11. Chromosomes and Human Inheritance
Chapter 11 Chromosomes and Human Inheritance Human Chromosomes Human body cells have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes 22 pairs of autosomes 1 pair of sex chromosomes Autosomesand Sex Chromosomes Paired
More informationMutations. New inherited traits, or mutations, may appear in a strain of plant or animal.
Genetic Mutations Mutations New inherited traits, or mutations, may appear in a strain of plant or animal. The first individual showing the new trait is called a mutant. 2 Types of Mutations Chromosomal
More informationDefining Sex and Gender & The Biology of Sex
Defining Sex and Gender & The Biology of Sex Today: -Defining Sex and Gender -Conception of a Child -Chromosomes -Defects in Chromosomes Often we hear the terms sex and gender used in our society interchangeably,
More informationA comparison of the effects of estrus cow. nuclear maturation of bovine oocytes
A comparison of the effects of estrus cow serum and fetal calf serum on in vitro nuclear maturation of bovine oocytes J Spiropoulos, SE Long University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Science, Department
More informationChromosomes and Gene Expression. Exceptions to the Rule other than sex linked traits
Chromosomes and Gene Expression Exceptions to the Rule other than sex linked traits Chromosome Inactivation If girls have two X chromosomes, do they produce more proteins than boys with only one X chromosome???
More informationBiology of fertility control. Higher Human Biology
Biology of fertility control Higher Human Biology Learning Intention Compare fertile periods in females and males What is infertility? Infertility is the inability of a sexually active, non-contracepting
More informationLIFE SCIENCES Grade 12 REPRODUCTION 30 JUNE 2014
REPRODUCTION 30 JUNE 2014 Checklist Make sure you Can describe different reproductive strategies of vertebrates Are able to identify the structure and function of the male and female reproductive organs
More informationPrepare a karyotype of these chromosomes. A karyotype is a pattern or picture of chromosomes from one cell grouped into pairs and organized by size.
MR. POMERANTZ Page 1 of 7 In this activity, you will create a karyotype from a page of mixed chromosomes. Karyotypes are created by matching homologous pairs and numbering them from largest to smallest.
More informationINDICATIONS OF IVF/ICSI
PROCESS OF IVF/ICSI INDICATIONS OF IVF/ICSI IVF is most clearly indicated when infertility results from one or more causes having no other effective treatment; Tubal disease. In women with blocked fallopian
More informationReproduction and Development. Female Reproductive System
Reproduction and Development Female Reproductive System Outcomes 5. Identify the structures in the human female reproductive system and describe their functions. Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Endometrium,
More informationSexual Reproduction. For most diploid eukaryotes, sexual reproduction is the only mechanism resulting in new members of a species.
Sex Determination Sexual Reproduction For most diploid eukaryotes, sexual reproduction is the only mechanism resulting in new members of a species. Meiosis in the sexual organs of parents produces haploid
More informationTerms. Primary vs. secondary sexual differentiation. Development of gonads vs. physical appearances
SEX DETERMINATION How is the sex of an organism determined? Is this process the same for all organisms? What is the benefit of sexual reproduction anyway? Terms Primary vs. secondary sexual differentiation
More informationChromosome Mutations
Chromosome Mutations Variation in Chromosome Number Euploidy: having full sets of chromosomes Haploid Diploid Triploid Aneuploidy: having anything other than full sets of chromosomes Monosomy Trisomy Variation
More informationSex Determination. Male = XY. Female = XX. 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 autosomes/body chromosomes, 1 sex)
Sex Determination Male = XY Female = XX 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 autosomes/body chromosomes, 1 sex) X chromosome----->large, rod shaped Y chromosome-----> smaller Mating of male & female XY x XX X Y
More informationIN VITRO FERTILIZATION OF RABBIT EGGS IN OVIDUCT SECRETIONS FROM DIFFERENT DAYS BEFORE AND AFTER OVULATION*
FERTILITY AND STERILITY Copyright~ 1975 The American Fertility Society Vol. 26, No.7, July 1975 Printed in U.SA. IN VITRO FERTILIZATION OF RABBIT EGGS IN OVIDUCT SECRETIONS FROM DIFFERENT DAYS BEFORE AND
More informationMutations. A2 Biology For WJEC
12. Mutation is a change in the amount, arrangement or structure in the DNA of an organism. 13. There are two types of mutations, chromosome mutations and gene mutations. Mutations A2 Biology For WJEC
More informationChapter 22 The Reproductive System (I)
Chapter 22 The Reproductive System (I) An Overview of Reproductive Physiology o The Male Reproductive System o The Female Reproductive System 22.1 Reproductive System Overview Reproductive system = all
More informationWeb Activity: Simulation Structures of the Female Reproductive System
differentiate. The epididymis is a coiled tube found along the outer edge of the testis where the sperm mature. 3. Testosterone is a male sex hormone produced in the interstitial cells of the testes. It
More informationThe Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
Chapter 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Overview: Locating Genes on Chromosomes A century
More informationAnimal Reproduction Chapter 46. Fission. Budding. Parthenogenesis. Fragmentation 11/27/2017
Animal Reproduction Chapter 46 Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom Sexual reproduction is the creation of an offspring by fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and female gamete
More informationChromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Inherited disorders can arise when chromosomes behave abnormally during meiosis. Chromosome disorders can be divided into two categories: abnormalities
More informationto ensure the. Sexual reproduction requires the (from the mother) by a (from the father). Fertilization is the fusion of.
The Reproductive System Fill-In Notes Purpose of life: to ensure the. Stages of Human Development Sexual reproduction requires the (from the mother) by a (from the father). Fertilization is the fusion
More informationKARYOTYPE OF A SEI WHALE
KARYOTYPE OF A SEI WHALE TOSHIO KASUYA The chromosomes of the Mammalia have been studied for a long period, and many species of mammals except those belonging to the Lemures, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea and
More information9.4 Regulating the Reproductive System
9.4 Regulating the Reproductive System The Reproductive System to unite a single reproductive cell from a female with a single reproductive cell from a male Both male and female reproductive systems include
More informationMuch ha happened since Mendel
Chapter 15 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Much ha happened since Mendel We can show genes are located at particular loci on chromosomes Using fluorescent dye to mark a particular gene 1 The use of these
More informationChapter 7 DEVELOPMENT AND SEX DETERMINATION
Chapter 7 DEVELOPMENT AND SEX DETERMINATION Chapter Summary The male and female reproductive systems produce the sperm and eggs, and promote their meeting and fusion, which results in a fertilized egg.
More informationTopic 4 Year 10 Biology
Topic 4 Year 10 Biology TOPIC 4 CHROMOSOMES & CELL DIVISION Things to cover: 1. Chromosomes 2. Karyotypes inc. chromosomal disorders 3. Cell division inc. mitosis, meiosis & fertilisation Work to do: 1.
More informationWhat are the main functions of the male reproductive system? 1. Produce sperm 2. Deposit sperm into the female 3. Provide a pathway for the removal
What are the main functions of the male reproductive system? 1. Produce sperm 2. Deposit sperm into the female 3. Provide a pathway for the removal of urine Where is sperm produced? -In the 2 testes What
More informationChapter 36 Active Reading Guide Reproduction and Development
Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Chapter 36 Active Reading Guide Reproduction and Development Section 1 1. Distinguish between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. 2. Which form of reproduction: a.
More informationTHE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF INHERITANCE CHAPTER 15
THE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF INHERITANCE CHAPTER 15 What you must know: Inheritance in sex-linked genes. Inheritance of linked genes and chromosomal mapping. How alteration of chromosome number or structurally
More informationSTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Unit 7B STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Learn the structures of the female reproductive tract. 2. Learn the functions of the female reproductive tract. 3.
More informationGeneral Embryology. School of Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology School of medicine The University of Jordan
General Embryology 2019 School of Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology School of medicine The University of Jordan https://www.facebook.com/dramjad-shatarat What is embryology? Is the science that
More informationChapter 13 Pre-Test Question 2
Student View Summary View Diagnostics View Print View with Answers Settings per Student Questions part 1: Keimzellen und Befruchtung Due: 12:00pm on Wednesday, December 7, 2011 Note: You will receive no
More informationMeiosis. Formation of gamete = egg & sperm. Occurs only in ovaries and tees. Makes cells with haploid chromosome number
Meiosis Formation of gamete = egg & sperm Occurs only in ovaries and tees Makes cells with haploid chromosome number Meiosis Diploid= Full set of chromosomes 46 chromosomes in humans Found in most body
More informationFertility and early embryonic development. Chris Willoughby, Huntingdon Life Sciences 11 October 2012
Fertility and early embryonic development Chris Willoughby, Huntingdon Life Sciences 11 October 2012 Outline 2 What sort of compounds may affect fertility? What areas of reproduction are we assessing in
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS-Please type your awesome answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What is an X-linked inheritance pattern? Use a specific example to explain the role of the father and mother in
More informationThe Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
More informationChromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis-Inheritance Connection. Chapter 13
Chromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis-Inheritance Connection Chapter 13 Chromosome Theory Chromosomal theory of inheritance - developed in 1902 by Walter Sutton - proposed that genes are present on chromosomes
More informationGenetic Disorders. PART ONE: Detecting Genetic Disorders. Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling Karyotype Triple Screen Blood Test
Genetic Disorders PART ONE: Detecting Genetic Disorders Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling Karyotype Triple Screen Blood Test Amniocentesis A technique for determining genetic abnormalities in a fetus
More informationHuman Genetic Disorders
Human Genetic Disorders HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES Human somatic cells have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes 23 are inherited from the mother and 23 from the father HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES Autosomes o Are
More informationKlinefelter syndrome ( 47, XXY )
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy It has been estimated that, overall, approximately one in 400 infants have some form of sex chromosome aneuploidy. A thorough discussion of sex chromosomes
More informationA CHROMOSOME STUDY IN 20 SEXUALLY ABNORMAL PATIENTS>> WOSAMU MARUYAMA, HACHIRO SHIMBA AND SET-ICHI KOHNO
JAPAN. J. GENETICS Vol. 43, No. 4: 289-298 (1968) A CHROMOSOME STUDY IN 20 SEXUALLY ABNORMAL PATIENTS>> WOSAMU MARUYAMA, HACHIRO SHIMBA AND SET-ICHI KOHNO Received May 9, 1968 Zoological Institute, Hokkaido
More informationChapter 18 Development. Sexual Differentiation
Chapter 18 Development Sexual Differentiation There Are Many Levels of Sex Determination Chromosomal Sex Gonadal Sex Internal Sex Organs External Sex Organs Brain Sex Gender Identity Gender Preference
More informationHuman Karyotyping Activity
Human Karyotyping Activity Background: Occasionally chromosomal material is lost or rearranged during the formation of gametes or during cell division of the early embryo. Such changes, primarily the result
More informationCell Division and Inheritance
Cell Division and Inheritance Continuing life relies on reproduction Individual organism replacing dead or damaged cells Species making more of same species Reproduction Cells divide, grow, divide again
More informationFurther Chromosomal Studies on Irradiated Human
Jap. Jour. Genet. Vol. 38, No. 2, 106-112 (1963) Further Chromosomal Studies on Irradiated Human Leukocytes in vitrol) Akio AWA, Yasushi OHNUKI, and C. M. POMERAT Zoological Institute, Hokkaido University,
More informationReproductive Endocrinology. Isabel Hwang Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine University of Hong Kong Hong Kong May2007
Reproductive Endocrinology Isabel Hwang Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine University of Hong Kong Hong Kong May2007 isabelss@hkucc.hku.hk A 3-hormone chain of command controls reproduction with
More informationDr Manuela Toledo - Procedures in ART -
Dr Manuela Toledo - Procedures in ART - Fertility Specialist MBBS FRANZCOG MMed CREI Specialities: IVF & infertility Fertility preservation Consulting Locations East Melbourne Planning a pregnancy - Folic
More informationDia 1. Dia 2 Turner syndrome. Dia 3 Turner syndrome. Turner syndrome. Henri Timmers internist-endocrinologist
Dia 1 Turner syndrome Henri Timmers internist-endocrinologist Dept. of internal medicine Section of endocrinology Dia 2 Turner syndrome 1938 Henry Turner: description of clinical triad: - - short stature
More informationGENETIC TESTING: IN WHOM AND WHEN
GENETIC TESTING: IN WHOM AND WHEN Robert D Oates, M.D. Boston University School of Medicine My background in this field I was the first to link Cystic Fibrosis Mutations with Congenital Absence of the
More information8/31/2017. Biology 102. Lecture 10: Chromosomes and Sex Inheritance. Independent Assortment. Independent Assortment. Independent Assortment
Biology 102 Lecture 10: Chromosomes and Sex Inheritance All of our examples of inheritance patterns have focused on single genes Humans have 25,000 genes! Genes on the same chromosome are inherited together
More information(Received 8th October 1973)
THE INFLUENCE OF A CANNULA IN THE RABBIT OVIDUCT II. EFFECT ON EMBRYO SURVIVAL M. H. SLOAN, S. L. COLEY and A. D. JOHNSON Animal Science Department, Livestock-Poultry Building, University of Georgia, Athens,
More informationChapter 46 ~ Animal Reproduction
Chapter 46 ~ Animal Reproduction Overview Asexual (one parent) fission (parent separation) budding (corals) fragmentation & regeneration (inverts) parthenogenesis Sexual (fusion of haploid gametes) gametes
More informationSection Objectives: Pedigrees illustrate inheritance. Pedigrees illustrate inheritance
What You ll Learn You will compare the inheritance of recessive and dominant traits in humans. You will analyze the inheritance patterns of traits with incomplete dominance and codominance. You will determine
More informationREPRODUCCIÓN. La idea fija. Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
REPRODUCCIÓN La idea fija How male and female reproductive systems differentiate The reproductive organs and how they work How gametes are produced and fertilized Pregnancy, stages of development, birth
More informationThe Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
Chapter 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More information1. What is often the result of lost chromosomal material or rearrangement during the formation of gametes? How often does this happen?
AP Biology: Human Karyotyping Activity Background: Occasionally chromosomal material is lost or rearranged during the formation of gametes or during cell division of the early embryo. Such changes, primarily
More informationCh 7 Extending Mendelian Genetics
Ch 7 Extending Mendelian Genetics Studying Human Genetics A pedigree is a chart for tracing genes in a family. Used to determine the chances of offspring having a certain genetic disorder. Karyotype=picture
More informationINFRAFRONTIER-I3 - Cryopreservation training course. Hosted by the Frozen Embryo and Sperm Archive, MRC - Harwell
Hosted by the Frozen Embryo and Sperm Archive, MRC - Harwell IVF recovery procedure incorporting methyl-β-cyclodextrin and reduced glutathione This protocol is based on the work published by Takeo et al.,
More informationHearing on SJR13 -- Proposes to amend the Nevada Constitution by repealing the limitation on the recognition of marriage.
Written statement of Lauren A. Scott- Executive Director Equality Nevada. 1350 Freeport Blvd, #107 Sparks, Nevada 89431 Testimony and Statement for the Record of Hearing on SJR13 -- Proposes to amend the
More informationChapter 14 Reproduction Review Assignment
Date: Mark: _/45 Chapter 14 Reproduction Review Assignment Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Use the diagram above to answer the next question.
More informationAge and Fertility. A Guide for Patients Revised 2012 Copyright 2012 by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine
1 Age and Fertility A Guide for Patients Revised 2012 Copyright 2012 by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine INTRODUCTION Fertility changes with age. Both males and females become fertile in
More informationBiology Unit III Exam» Form C
Directions: For each of the following questions, decide which of the choices is best and fill in the corresponding space on the answer document. 1. Which of these sets of chromosomes is found in a single
More informationCYCLIC MOUSE. and NEENA B. SCHWARTZ INTRODUCTION
TIMING OF LH RELEASE AND OVULATION IN THE CYCLIC MOUSE AUDREY S. BINGEL and NEENA B. SCHWARTZ Department of Physiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. (Received 1st
More informationReproductive Hormones
Reproductive Hormones Male gonads: testes produce male sex cells! sperm Female gonads: ovaries produce female sex cells! ovum The union of male and female sex cells during fertilization produces a zygote
More information1. Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
1. Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom Asexual reproduction involves the formation of individuals whose genes all come from one parent. There is no fusion of sperm and egg.
More informationBio 322 Human Anatomy Objectives for the laboratory exercise Female Reproductive System
Bio 322 Human Anatomy Objectives for the laboratory exercise Female Reproductive System Required reading before beginning this lab: Saladin, KS: Human Anatomy 5 th ed (2017) Chapter 26 For this lab you
More information