A classification of epithelial tissues
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1 A classification of epithelial tissues Ramray Bhat Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics
2 Textbooks for my portion Molecular Biology of the Cell (Bruce Alberts) 6 th Edition Ganong s review of Medical Physiology, 23 rd Edition Junqueira s Basic Histology, 13 th Edition Langman s Medical Embryology, 12 th Edition
3 Tissues: a structural classification - Molecular support - Embryological problems - Intermediate phenotypes Derived from all three layers of triploblasts Ectoderm: epidermis, breast, cornea and the junctional zones of the buccal cavity and anal canal. Endoderm: alimentary canal and glands, respiratory tract and the distal parts of the urogenital tract. Mesoderm: include the epithelia of the kidney, the suprarenal (adrenal) cortex and endocrine cells of the ovary and testis. These endocrine cells are atypical epithelia in that they differentiate from embryonic mesenchyme and, in common with endocrine cells in general, they lack a free surface that communicates with the exterior..
4 Unilaminar Epithelia Epithelia Multilaminar Epithelia
5 Simple squamous epithelia 1. Flattened, tightly apposed, polygonal cells. 2. The cytoplasm very thin and the nucleus usually bulges into the overlying space. 3. Found in lung alveoli, outer capsular wall of renal corpuscles. 4. Because it is so thin, simple squamous epithelium allows rapid diffusion of gases and water across its surface; it active transport, as indicated by the presence of numerous endocytic vesicles in these cells. 5.Tight junctions between adjacent cells ensure that materials pass primarily through cells, rather than between them.
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7 Cuboidal and columnar epithelia Cuboidal cells square in vertical section, columnar cells taller and both are polygonal. Specializations: 1. Microvilli found on free surfaces, considerably increasing the absorptive area, e.g. in the small intestinal epithelia, kidney PCT. 2. Cilia on columnar epithelia lines respiratory tract and sweep a layer of mucus and trapped dust particles. 3. Submucosal mucous glands and mucosal goblet cells secrete mucus on to the luminal surface of much of the respiratory tract 4. Pseudostratification.
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10 Pseudostratified epithelia Unilaminar columnar with nuclei at different vertical levels. All cells are in contact with the basal lamina throughout their lifespan, but not all cells extend through the entire thickness. Some constitute an immature basal cell layer of smaller cells, which are often mitotic and able to replace damaged mature cells. Much of the ciliated lining of the respiratory tract is of the pseudostratified type, and so is the sensory epithelium of the olfactory area.
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12 Myoepithelia Myoepithelia (basket cells) are fusiform or stellate Contract when stimulated by nervous or endocrine signals. Surround the secretory portions and ducts of glands, and lie between the basal lamina and the glandular or ductal epithelium. Their contraction assists the initial flow of secretion into larger conduits. Myoepithelial cells are ultrastructurally similar to smooth muscle cells in the arrangement of their actin and myosin. Identified immunohistochemically on the basis of the co-localization of myofilament proteins (which signify their contractile function), and keratin intermediate filaments (which accords with their epithelial lineage).
13 Stratified squamous epithelia Multilaminar epithelia in which the cellular turnover of cells is continuous, with a contextual variation in rate, e.g. after injury. New cells form in the most basal layers from progenitor and transit amplifying cells. The daughter cells move superficially, differentiating gradually from a cuboidal shape to a finally highly flattened squamous type. Held together by numerous desmosomes to form strong, contiguous cellular sheets that provide protection to the underlying tissues against damage. Keratinized (keratin matrix and dead cell sheets: epidermis) and non-keratinized types (moist abrasive sites such as oropharynx, laryngopharynx, bucca, vagina).
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15 Stratified cuboidal/columnar epithelia Multilaminar epithelia with separate layers Typical of walls of glands which require strength greater than a single layer. No basal mitosis or progression. each layer can repair itself
16 Urothelial cells Urothelial cells are multilayered with a transition in shape between cuboidal basophilic layers at the base and eosinophilic cells at the apex. High presence of desmosomes ensures the cells can be distended by urine but remain impenetrable to the toxic contents within urethra and bladder. Transitional because as the bladder stretches the cuboidal cells become squamous-like.
17 Glandular epithelia skin sweat gland axillary sweat gland sebaceous gland Mammary gland: mixture of apocrine and merocrine gland
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