Histology. Marcello Malpighi ( ) is regarded as Father of Histology.
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1 Histology The branch of biology which deals about tissue is called Histology. Marcello Malpighi ( ) is regarded as Father of Histology. Tissue:- Group of identical or, unidentical cells which associate to perform a specific function is called tissue. The term tissue is coined by Francois Xavier Bichot ( ) The term Histology is coined by Mayer (1819) Types of animal issue:- There are four major types of animal tissue which are as follows:- 1. Epithelial Tissue 2. Muscular tissue 3. Connective issue 4. Nervous tissue. Epithelial Tissue internal surface of the body or, organ. Characteristics:- v Cells Origin:- It consists of cells which covers external and are closely packed and firmly attached to each other with the help of small amount of Carbohydrate based cementing substance or, by special junctions between cells. v Lack of intercellular space or, intercellular fluid. v The base of cells rests on basement membrane composed of network of collagenous fibres. v Absence of blood vessel in this tissue. So this tissue obtains neutrient from lymph vessel present in intercellular space. It is ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal in origin. The epithelium which forms the lining of blood vessel is called endothelium. The epithelium lines the body cavity is called mesothelium.
2 The epithelium lines the ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord is called ependyma. Types of epithelial tissue:- differentiate into two types:- On the basis of number of layers of cells it is A. Simple Epithelium:- B. Compound Epithelium:- Cells are remain arranged in only one layer. layers. Cells are remain arranged into two or, more than two a) Squamous epithelial tissue:- A. Simple Epithelium It is of four types on the basis of shape of cells:- It is made up of thin flat cells with a centrally placed nucleus. Its edge or, margin is irregular (tessellated). 1 Pavement Epithelial
3 Occurrence- It occurs in renal corpuscle of the kidney, alveoli of lungs, blood capillary wall, lining of body cavities, covering of visceral organs. (Where it is referred as mesohelium). Funcion:- It remains outside so it works as protecting membrane, exchange of gases in alveoli of lungs, diffusion etc. b) Cuboidal epithelium:- It consists of cells which are of cube shaped but upper surface is polygonal (Pentagonal and hexagonal). Each cell contains a spherical centric nucleus.
4 Occurrence- This is occurred in duct of salivary gland, follicles of thyroid gland, germinal epithelium of ovary, PCT of the kidney, choroid plexus, pigmented layer of retina, pancreatic duct etc. Funcion:- Secretion and absorption. It has two modified forms:- a) Ciliated cuboidal epithelium:- It is a modified form of cuboidal epithelium. Its free surface contains cilia.
5 Occurrence- Tubules of nephron. Function:- Flow of nephric filtrate. b) Brush bordered cuboidal:- It is also a modified form of cuboidal epithelium. It contains microvilli on its free surface. Occurrence- PCT of nephron. Function:- Increased surface area for effective absorption. C) Columnar epithelial tissue:- It consists of tall closely packed cells contains elongated nucleus at the base of the cells.
6 OccurrenceIt lines stomach, small and large intestine digestive glands gall bladder etc. Function:It is specially meant for absorption and secretion.
7 It has two modified forms:- a) Ciliated columnar epithelium:- It is modified form of simple columnar epithelium. Its free ends contain cilia. Mucus secreting goblet cells are remain embedded between the cells.
8 Occurrence- It is found in oviduct, respiratory passage (Bronchioles) spinal canal. Function:- It helps to maintain the flow of material or, fluid in only one direction. b) Brush bordered columnar epithelium:- It is modified form of simple columnar epithelium. Its free ends contain cilia. Mucus secreting goblet cells are remain embedded between the cells. D. Pseudostralified Epithelium: - This epithelial tissue consists of cells of different sizes. Larger cells bear cilia & smaller one lack cilia. Nuclei are remain arranged at different levell so it appears to made up of two or more layer but all the cells are remain based on same basement membrane. So, its cells are remain arranged in a single layer but appears multilayer that s why it is called Psendostralified (Psendo false, stralified multilayer)
9 Location: - It is found in lining of trachea, Primary brunchi, nasal epithelium etc. Function: - It plays an important role to remove mucous, dust etc. from respiratory tract.
10 B. Compound Epithelium The epithelial tissue in which cells are remain arranged into two or more than two layers is called compound epithelial tissue. The lower most layer of cells called stratum- tissue germiratum forms upper layers of cells. It of two types: - 1. Stratified Epithelium: - The lower most layer is cuboidal epithelial as it is pushed outwards gets characteristics shape (pavement, cubical, cuboidal etc.) It is of following types on the basis of shape of cells of the outermost layer: - a. Stratified Squamous Epithelium: - The stratified epithelium of which inner layer are cuboidal or columnar but upper most layer becomes flattered or squamous is called stratified squamous epithelium. It of two types: - i. Keratinized Stratified Epithelium: - The stratified squamous epithelium in which heavy deposits of keratin which is insoluble protein in cytoplasm of upper layer is called keratinized stratified squamouss epithelium.
11 Function: - Its outermost layer is hand & it is multilayered so it is protectivee in function rather than absorption & secretion. Location: - It forms outer layer of skin & goes to all opening of body organ. [This layer always wear out to it is replaced by inner layer of cells throughout the life.] ii. Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium: - The stratified squamous epithelial tissue in which there is absence of keratin or horny layer is called non- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
12 Location: - Lining of pharynx & oesophagous. Function: - Protection. b. Stratified Columnar epithelium: - In this stratified epithelium upper layer of cells becomes columnar of pillar like & inner layer remains cuboidal stoped, is called stratified columnar epithelium.
13 Location: - Duct of mammary gland c. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium: - In this stratified epithelium cuboidal cells are remain present. Location: - Duct of sweat gland, conjuctiva of eyes etc. 2. Transitional Epithelium: - The compound epithelium which consists of 3-4 layers of cells of same size & shape except of outermost layer. The cells of outermost layer remain more flattered in comparison to other.
14 Location: - It can facilitate to stretch so, it is found in urinary blodder meter, pelvic region of kidney. Glandular Epithelium The epithelial tissue which can secrete a chemical is called glandmlar epithelium. The cell or group of cells which can secrete a chemical is called gland. On the basis of number of cells gland may be of two types: - A. Unicellular Gland: - The gland which contains only one cell or only one cell can act like a gland is called unicellular gland. Example: - Gollet cell It secrets mucin. B. Multicellular Gland: - The gland which consists of two or more than two cells is called multicellular gland. It may be of following types: - 1) Straight Tubular Gland: - This gland is a tube like remains attached to some organ. Example; Crypts of lieburkulin in the intestine.
15 2) Simple Coiled Tubular Gland: - It is simple tubular gland but remains coiled at the base. Example; Sweat gland. 3) Simple Branched Tubular Gland: -
16 It is a tubular gland in which a larger number of branched are formed but having only one duct. Example; Gastric glands of stomach, Bruner s gland of intestine. 4) Simple Alveolar Gland: - This is a glandular epithelium in which secretory region gets swollen & forms ball like structure. Example; Cutaneous glands of frog. 5) Simple Branched Alveolar Gland: -
17 In this glandular epithelium a large number of alveolar or ball like structure is formed with only one opening in the same duct. Example; Sebaceous gland in the skin. Compound Glands This is glandular epithelium consists of many branching with many ducts. It of two types: - I. Compound Tubular Glands: - There are two or more than two branched of tubular gland. Example; Salivary gland.
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19 II. Compound Alveolar Glands: - In this gland many branches of alveolar gland is formed. Example; Mammary glands, Pancreatic glands etc. III. Compound Tubular-Alveolar Glands: - In this glandular epithelium both structures that are tubular and alveolar duct are formed. Example; Parts of salivary & mammary glands.
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