D Delay discounting, drug dependence, Demand curve, Demand intensity, 322

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1 Index A Abused drugs, 31, 39, 40, 46, 49 Acamprosate, 353, 354 Acetaldehyde, 356 Acetylcholine, 105 Addiction, ADH1B isoenzyme, 288 Adoption studies, 279 Afferent/efferent AMY projections, Akt. See Protein kinase B Alcohol, 187 Alcohol dehydrogenase gene (ADH), 286, 288 Alcohol dependence, 200, , 208, 209, Aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH), 286, 288 Allele, 283, 287, 288, Alpha-methylparatyrosine (AMPT), 222 Amantadine, 362 a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), 6, 7 AMPA receptor, 184, 185 Amphetamine, 181, methamphetamine (METH), 249, ,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy (MDMA), 249, Amphetamine administration, 85 Amygdala, , 259, 264, 269, 291, 292 Amygdala (AMY) mechanisms anatomy, 76 cue-drug association, 78 neuronal activity, AMY neuronal activity, Anhedonia, psychostimulants acetylcholine, 148 in animals, BDNF, 152 contrast paradigm, CRF, 149 cytokines, depressive symptoms, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, 122 dopamine, endocannabinoid system, 154 GABA, glutamate, hedonic set-point shift theory, 125 hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 149 intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), melanin concentrating hormone (MCH), 150 melanocortins, 150 mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway, 136 neural substrates, neurosteroids, neurotransmitter systems, 137 nonpeptide vasopressin, 150 norepinephrine, NPY,

2 388 Index NAcc, 137 opponent process theory, 125 orexin, 151 progressive-ratio responding, 133 serotonin, sucrose consumption/preference, treatment regimens, Animal models, Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 103, 105, Aprepitant, 370 Association studies, , 292, 293 Associative learning, Atomoxetine, 360 Atypical antidepressant bupropion, 130 B Baclofen, 350, 353, 356, 364, 366 Basolateral amygdala, 9 Behavioral economics, drug dependence cross-price elasticity, 323, 324 demand curves and intensity, Mazur s equation, price and commodity concepts, 320 Binding potential (BP), 221 Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response, 291, 292 Brain, , 205, 207, 208, 212 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 152 Brain imaging, 329 cerebral blood flow (CBF), 251, 252, 265 event-related potential (ERP), 252, 266 functional MRI (fmri), 249, , 258, , 267, 269 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), 249, 260 positron emission tomography (PET), 249, 251, 253, 258, 259, 261, 263, 267, 268 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 249, 251, 260, 267 structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 249, 251, 253, 269 Brain reward function assessment, Bromocriptine, 362 Buprenorphine, 362, Bupropion, 347, 350, 358, 361, 366 Buspirone, 355, 360 C Candidate genes, 284, 286, 289, 290, 293 Cannabis, marijuana, , 259, 268, 269 Carbamazepine, 352 Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), 286, Chromosomes, 285 Chronic cocaine exposure, Chronoamperometry, 36 38, 40 41, 46, 53 Clonidine, 348, 349, 368 Clozapine, 143 Cocaine, 3 17, , 249, 254, , Cocaine administration, 85, 86 Cocaine dependence, Cognitive control, 306 Cognitive deficits, Commodity interactions, 324, 325 Competing neurobehavioral systems, COMT val158 met polymorphism, 290 Conditioned drug cues, 49 Conditioned place preference, 181 Conditioned place preference (CPP) mdoel, Conditioned stimuli (CS), 43 46, 49, 50, 52, 54 Contingency management (CM), 361 Copy number variations (CNV), 294 Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), 149 Cross-price elasticity, 323, 324 Cytochrome P450 2A6 enzyme (CYP2A6), 286, 288, 293 Cytochrome P450, CYP, 350 Cytokines, D Delay discounting, drug dependence, Demand curve, Demand intensity, 322

3 Index 389 Dextroamphetamine, 363 Disulfiram, 356, 362 Dopamine (DA), 4, 105, 108, 110, 112, , 180, 183, 184, 187, , , 282, 283, , 290 Dopamine D 2 agonist radiotracers, 224 Dopamine D2 receptor, 187 Dopamine hypothesis of addiction, Dopamine metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 41 Dopamine receptor, , , 286 Dopamine receptor antagonists, 32 Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), 286, 287, 293 Dopamine receptors, 33, 52 Dopamine reuptake sites, 33 Dopaminergic uptake blockers, 122 D 2 PET radioligands, 227 Dronabinol, 357, 358, 360 Drug abuse, Drug abuse and relapse, Drug addiction, 31, 37, 51 53, 57, 201 neural network, 303 neuroanatomy, Drug cues, 48 51, Drug dependence, 309, 310 Drug-naïve state, 54 Drug seeking, 31, 44 46, 49 52, 57, 58 Drug-self-administration, 31, 32, 39, 40, 48, 56 Drugs of abuse cocaine, 105, ethanol, 105 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 109 glutamate, 107, 109, 110, 112 heroin, 105, 107, 110, 111, 113 methamphetamine, 105, 107, 110, 111 morphine, 105 nicotine, 105 E Early gene expression, 85 Early separation, 287 Endogenous dopamine level, 222 Endophenotypes, 285 Ethanol, 9, 11, 12 Ethical issues, 294 Event-related potential (ERP) responses, 306 Executive control processes, Executive function, 250, 258, 259, 303, 304 Executive system, 331, 332 F FAAH inhibitors, 359 Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), 36 38, 41 46, 48 50, 54 Fluoxetine, 347, 348, 360 Functional MRI (fmri), G GABA-A, 281 Gabaa-benzodiazepine receptor (GABA A -BZR), 208, 209 Gabapentin, 350, 352, 360, 363, 364, 366 GABA shift, 229 g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), Gamma-vynil GABA (GVG), 363, 364 Gene expression, 284 Genome wide association studies (GWAS), 286, Glutamate, 4 9, 11 17, H Heritability, 279, 280 Heroin, , 249, Hippocampus, HTT promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR), 291, Hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HTT), 287, Hyperactivity, 180, 181 Hyperbolic delay function, I Imaging neurotransmitter release alpha-methylparatyrosine (AMPT), 222 binding potential (BP), 222 cocaine dependence, [ 11 C]raclopride, 221, 226 D 2 PET radioligands, 227

4 390 Index endogenous dopamine level, 222 GABA transmission, 225 loss of sensitivity, microdialysis studies, 224 mu opioid receptors, 226 PET, scintillators, 221 serotonin transporter, 229 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 226 Immunotherapy, 349 Impulsive system, 331, 332 Impulsivity, 328 Incentive salience, 179 Incentive-salience hypothesis, 35, 53 Incentive sensitization, 180, 181, , 187 Infralimbic cortex (IL), 103, 105, 107, 109, Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) atypical antidepressant bupropion, 130 response latency, 132 serotonergic treatment, 131 L Levo-a-acetylmethadol (LAAM), 369 Linkage analyses, 284, 285, 288, 289, 292 Linkage studies, , 288 Lithium, 358 Locomotion, 181 Lofexidine, 348, 358, 370 Long-term potentiation (LTP), 6 8, 10, 14 Low D 2 receptor, , 237 LTP. See Long-term potentiation M Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 293 Mecamylamine, 347, 366 Meclobromide, 347 Memantine, 354, 370 Mesolimbic pathway Methadone, , 361, 362, Methylphenidate, 187, 363, 366 Microdialysis, 36, 39 41, 46 48, 50, 53 Mirtazapine, 366 Modafinil, 364, 365 Models of cue-induced drug relapse abstinence, 103, , 113 conditioned place preference, 110, 112 extinction training, 103, , 113 self-administration, 109, 110 Molecular markers ania-3, 105 Arc, 105, 108 brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 109 Fos, 105, 108, 109, 111 MKP-1, 105 Nr4a3, 105 zif 268, 105 Monoamine oxidase (MAO), 345 Monoamine-oxidase gene (MAO-A), 287 Motivated behavior, Motivation, 32, 34, 35, 45, 46, 49, 52 54, 56, 57, Motivational costs, 34, 56 mrna, 284, 289 mu-opioid receptor, 283 N N-acetylcysteine, 364 Nalmafene, 355 Naloxone, 369 Naltrexone, 283, 293, 349, 354, 355, 359, 366, Nefazodone, 359 Neural correlates, Neural network, 303 Neuroadaptations, Neuroanatomy, Neuroimaging studies, 208, Neuropeptide Y (NPY), 152 Neuroplasticity, 87, 89 drug users, 103, 108, 110, 111 rat/rodents, 103, 105, 110, 113 Neurosteroids, Nicotine replacement therapies (NRT), 346 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr), 209 N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), 13, 16, 281, 286, 351, 353, 354, 362, 370 Norepinephrine, 112, Nortriptyline, 347, 348 Nucleus accumbens

5 Index 391 Nucleus accumbens (NAcc), 4, 5, 8 10, 12 16, 32 35, 37 52, 54, 55, 57, 137, 180, O Ondansetron, 356 Opioid, 184 Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), 103, 105, 108, 109, Oxytocin, 358 P Paroxetine, 347, 348 Past discounting, 329 Pavlovian psychostimulant conditioning and relapse afferent/efferent AMY projections, amphetamine administration, 85 AMY anatomy, 76 amygdala (AMY) mechanisms, AMY neuronal activity, cocaine administration, 85, 86 conditioned place preference (CPP) mdoel, drug abuse and relapse, early gene expression, 85 neuroadaptations, protein kinase B, 88 Phasic dopamine, 34, 36, 38, 41 46, Phasic dopamine events, 33, 34, 36, 38, 41 46, Phasic signals, 43, 53, 54, 56, 57 Plasticity, 4 9, 11 14, 15, 17 Pleiotropic effects, 292, 293 Positron emission tomography (PET), 187, , 210, 212, 293 alpha-methylparatyrosine (AMPT), 222 binding potential (BP), 222 cocaine dependence, [ 11 C]raclopride, 221 endogenous dopamine level, 222 neurotransmitter release, 222 scintillators, 221 Preference reversals, 326, 327 Prefrontal cortex, 251, 253 Prelimbic cortex (PL), 103, , 112 Prenatal, 257, 262, Presynaptic dopamine function, Price elasticity, 323 Progressive-ratio schedule, 181 Protein kinase B, 88 Psychomotor activity, 183, 187 Psychostimulant, 180, 184, 187 Psychostimulants, anhedonia acetylcholine, 148 in animals, BDNF, 152 contrast paradigm, CRF, 149 cytokines, depressive symptoms, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, 122 dopamine, dopaminergic uptake blockers, 122 endocannabinoid system, 154 GABA, glutamate, hedonic set-point shirft theory, 125 hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 149 intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), melanin concentrating hormone (MCH), 150 melanocortins, 150 mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway, 136 neural substrates, neurosteroids, neurotransmitter systems, 137 nonpeptide vasopressin, 150 norepinephrine, NPY, 152 NAcc, 137 opponent process theory, 125 orexin, 151 progressive-ratio responding, 133 serotonin, sucrose consumption/preference, treatment regimens,

6 392 Index Psychostimulant self-administration, 32, 39 R Rate-frequency procedure, 132 Reboxetine, 347, 348 Receptors alpha-2 adrenergic, 112 alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), 107, 109 AMPA, 351 Cannabinoid (CB 1 ), 349, 357, 359 D1, 110, 112 D2, 110, 112 Dopamine1 (D1), 362 Dopamine2 (D2), 362 GABA A, 351, 352 GABA B, 352, 356, 364 kainate, 107 nicotine acetylcholine (nachr), 345, 346, 348 m-opioid receptor (OPRM), 355 Reinforcement, 181, 182, 186 Reinforcement learning, 35, 53, 54, 56 Reinforcer, 183, 185, 186 Reinstatement, 182, 184, 185 Reinstatement of drug seeking, Relapse, 182, drug-primed, , 113 environmental stimulus-induced, stress-induced, 103, Relapse circuitry amygdala, 107, 112 nucleus accumbens core (NAcore), 107, 109, 110, 112 nucleus accumbens shell (NAshell), 107 prefrontal cortex, 102, 103, 105, , 111 thalamus, 103 ventral pallidum, 107 ventral tegmental area, 107, 110 Residual, 253, 257, 258 Reward, 4, 6, 7, 9 12 Reward prediction signal, 35 Reward system, Rimonabant, 349, 359 S Selegiline, 347, 348, 360 Self-administration, Sensitization, , Serotonergic system, 283 Serotonin, Serotonin (5-HT), 203, , 211 Serotonin transporter (5-HTT), 229, 287, 292, 293 Sertraline, 348, 366 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 289, 293 Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 200, 201, , , , 293 Spontaneous dopamine transients, 42, 44, 46 Substance abuse, 285 Substance dependence, 281 Substance use disorder (SUD), 309 Substitute-complement continuum, 323 T Temporal horizon, 329 Tiagabine, 350, 363, 364 Tobacco smoking, Tonic dopamine, 34 36, 40 43, 46 51, Tonic extracellular concentration of dopamine, 53 Topiramate, 353, 354, 365 Twin studies, 279 V Vaccines, 349, 365 Valproic acid divalproex, 358, 360, 364 valproate, 352, 364 Varenecline, 347, 348, 350 Venlafaxine, 347, 348, 360 Ventral tegmentral area (VTA), 4 8, 10, 12 14, 16, 32, 33, 38, 40, 43, Vigabatrin, 350, 366 W Withdrawal, 31, 46 49, 55, 57

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