APPENDIX -1 LIST OF TABLES. 01 The blood group systems Blood group collections

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1 APPENDIX -1 LIST OF TABLES Table 01 The blood group systems Blood group collections Low frequency antigens: the 700 series Frequencies of low frequency antigens High frequency antigens: the 901 series Frequencies of high frequency antigens in various populations ABO antigens, antibodies, and genotypes Routine ABO Grouping results and Phenotype frequencies Differentiating Characteristics of the A 1 & A 2 subgroups Serologic differentiation of the ABO Groups Key Amino Acids in distinguishing A,B, and Hybrid Glycosyltransferase. Haemagglutination-inhibition test to determine ABH secretor status from saliva Phenotypes of the MNSs System Summary of MNS antigens The Miltenberger Series

2 Table 16 P Blood group system Eight Rh haplotypes and their frequencies in English, Nigerian and Hong Kong Chinese populations Common Rh types by three nomenclatures Molecular basis for RH and RHAG antigens Some symbols given to D variants Frequencies of C, c, E and e antigens in three populations Summary of the Lutheran Antigens Phenotypes of the Lutheran system Summary of Lu (a-b-) phenotypes Substances Present in Secretions and Antigens Present on Red Cells, Depending on the Lewis, Hh, Se, and ABH Genes Inherited Kell and XK Blood group antigens Phenotype frequencies in the Kell system Summary of Kell Antigens on RBCs having Common, K 0, and McLeod Phenotypes Phenotype frequencies in the Duffy system Phenotypes of the Kidd System Diego Blood Group Antigens

3 Table 32 Di a / Di b Phenotype Frequencies Other low frequency antigens of the Diego system and their frequencies in various populations Yt system Phenotype Frequencies Scianna Blood Group Antigens Phenotypes of the Dombrock System Dombrock system phenotype frequencies Chido/Rodgers Blood Group Antigens Gerbich Blood Group Antigens Gerbich Negative Phenotypes Cromer Blood Group Antigens Knops Blood Group Antigens Effects of Enzyme and Chemical Treatment on various minor blood group systems Collection of Antigens Series of Low- Incidence Antigens Series of High-incidence Antigens Comparison of blood grouping methods Uses of molecular genetic methods in immunohaematology

4 Table 49 Characteristics of Serum Immunoglobulins Biologic properties of IgG subclasses Factors that influence the pathogenicity of RBC antibodies Serologic Behavior of the Principal Antibodies of different Blood Group Systems. Selected blood group antibodies and their clinical importance Choice of blood for transfusion of patient with antibodies Consensus PRE-TXN Practices, Clinical significance of 37 0 C. Reactive Antibodies Alloimmunization risk in various disease Observed agglutination strengths and designated interpretation and score Table 59 Example of Antigen profile of 3- cell structure set Optimal temperature of Reactivity for some common Antibodies. Antibody identification profile sheet: + indicates the antigen is present on the cell; 0 indicates the antigen is not present Probability Values Antigen Expression on Cord Red Blood Cells Special Techniques in Antibody Identification: Serum Procedures. Special Antibody Identification Techniques: Red Cell Procedures

5 Table 66 Alteration of Antigens by various Agents Antibody Elution Techniques Sample size requirement guideline Reading and Grading of serologic Reactions Distribution of Rh antigens(c,e,c and e) in blood donors of South Gujarat, India by Conventional Tube technique. Rh phenotypes in blood donors of South Gujarat, India by Conventional Tube technique. Incidence of Red cell antigens in blood donors of South Gujarat, India by Conventional Tube technique. Antigen phenotypes of different blood group systems in present study Phenotypes of MNS blood group system in present study Rh Phenotypes in 60 O blood donors of South Gujarat, India processed by column agglutination technique. Phenotypes of MNS Blood Group system in 60 O blood donors of South Gujarat, India processed by column agglutination technique. Antigen phenotypes of different blood group systems in present study in 60 O blood donors of South Gujarat, India processed by column agglutination technique. Distribution of Rh antigens(c,e,c and e) in blood donors of South Gujarat, India and its comparison with other published data. Rh phenotypes in blood donors of South Gujarat, North India, India, Whites and Blacks Incidence of Red cell antigens in blood donors of South Gujarat, India and North India. Antigen phenotypes of different blood group systems in present study and other ethnic population , , ,

6 Table Phenotypes of MNS blood group system in present study and comparison with North Indian, Whites and Blacks. Sources of Error in Antiglobulin Testing False-Negative Results. 191, Sources of Error in Antiglobulin Testing False-Positive Results

7 APPENDIX 2 LIST OF FIGURES Fig Diagrammatic representation of A- and B-active oligosaccharides, plus the H-active oligosaccharide, the precursor of A and B. R: remainder of molecule. Biosynthetic pathways for production of A and B antigens from their precursor (H). Model of glycosyltransferase products of five alleles of ABO, showing the positions of the amino acid substitutions that are most important in determining the specificity of the enzymes Biosynthetic pathway for the production of H, the precursor of A and B Structure of Glycophorin A(GYPA) and B(GYPB) Misalignment during meiosis leading to crossover and reciprocal GYP (B-A) and GYP(A-B) hybrids Gene conversion event, transferring one strand of DNA to the misaligned homologous gene Synthesis of P blood group antigens Diagram representing the 10 exons of the RHD and RHCE genes in opposite orientation, the Rh boxes (regions of identity), and the SMP1 gene RH Proteins ( RHD and RHCE Proteins) The Rh gene cluster Diagram of the 10 exons of nine examples of RHD-CE-D and RHCE-D-CE(DHAR) genes responsible for D variant phenotypes. Red boxes = RHD exons;blue boxes = RHCE exons Model of the Rh macrocomplex in the red cell membrane. 068

8 Fig. 14 Lutheran glycoprotein Structure of type-1and type-2 chains Action of Le gene transferase enezyme Formation of Lewis antigens (Le a,le b, Ale b, BLe b ) adsorbed from plasma Diagram of KELL and XK protein Duffy glycoprotein or Duffy antigen receptor for chemokine molecule (DARC). The Kidd/urea transporter glycoprotein. The site of Jka/Jkb polymorphism at residue 280 is indicated by a solid line. The N- glycosylation site is indicated by a branched structure on the third extracellular loop. The 10 transmembrane domains are represented by amber cylinders Structure of anion exchange protein AE1 (Band 3) Structure of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1, channel-forming integral protein [CHIP]). AQP-1 is a multipass protein containing six transmembrane domains,indicated by solid amber cylinders. Gerbich antigens on glycophorin C (GYPC) and glycophorin D (GYPD). O-linked ( ) and N-linked glycans are shown. Also shown is the relationship of the GYPC gene to both proteins Linear and Branched structures carrying i and I activity Structure of the I and i antigens. The I antigen is composed of two successive lactosaminyl subunits. I antigen requires the action of GCNT2, a 1-6-Nacetylglucosaminyltransferase. (Gal, Galactose; GlcNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine; R, other igosaccharide.) Antihuman globulin antibodies form a bridge between adjacent erythrocytes sensitized with human immunoglobulin (Ig)G or complement components

9 Fig. 27 Appearance of reaction patterns and grading for gel or column agglutination technology Simplified diagram of the concept of flow cytometry Schematic diagram showing the production of polyclonal antibodies of human origin. Activation of the complement cascade through to the MAC, producing pores in the red cell, allowing solutes to enter and escape, resulting in cell lysis Representation of a molecule of IgG to show, indicating antigen binding sites, and line drawings of IgG and IgM, showing the pentamer structure of IgM with 10 binding sites, variable regions of heavy chains and or light chains. The destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) intravascularly results in the liberation of haemoglobin (Hb) from the RBC. The Hb combines with haptoglobin (HP), and the HP-Hb complexes are rapidly catabolized in the reticuloendothelial system (RES), resulting in low levels of serum Hp Intravascular red cell destruction Complement activation may be initiated by antibody binding to the appropriate antigens on the red cells Biological systems involved in an acute HTR and the potential consquences. The destruction of RBCs extravascularly within the cells of the reticuloendothelial system results in the degradation of hemoglobin and the production of bilirubin Steps for perfoming the tube antibody screen test Homozygous inheritance versus heterozygous inheritance Use of enhancement reagents can lower the zeta potential, allowing for better interaction between RBCs and increasing the possibility of agglutination. 172

10 Fig. 40 Principle of IAT : spin-tube method Principle of the gel test Solid phase technique for IAT Principle of solid-phase adherence technology with appearance of positive and negative reactions Examples of reactions that may be obtained in antibody screening tests Antibody identification flow chart Approaches for identifying antibodies Steps for performing an autoadsorption Autoadsorption procedure used to evaluate whether underlying alloantibodies are present in a patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. 210