Allergy and the Nervous System

Transcription

1 Chemical Immunology and Allergy 98 Allergy and the Nervous System Bearbeitet von J. Bienenstock, H. Renz 1. Auflage Buch. XII, 272 S. Hardcover ISBN Gewicht: 880 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Medizin > Klinische und Innere Medizin > Neurologie, Neuropathologie, Klinische Neurowissenschaft schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Section Title XI XII Preface Bienenstock, J. (Hamilton, Ont.) References 1 Relations between Asthma and Psychological Distress: An Old Idea Revisited Van Lieshout, R.J. (Hamilton, Ont.); MacQueen, G.M. (Calgary, Alta.) 1 Abstract 2 Epidemiologic Evidence of the Association between Asthma and Mood and Anxiety Disorders 3 Mechanisms Underlying the Association between Asthma and Mood and Anxiety Disorders 4 Familial and Genetic Associations between Asthma and Depression 4 Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis 5 The Immune System 6 The Autonomic Nervous System 7 Examining Psychological Influences on Asthma Using Neuroimaging 8 Treatment of Psychiatric Symptoms to Improve Asthma and Health- Related Quality of Life 8 Pharmacologic Treatment 9 Behavioral Treatment 10 Conclusions 11 References 14 The Brain and Asthma: What Are the Linkages? Busse, W.W. (Madison, Wisc.) 14 Abstract 15 Differences in Acute versus Chronic Stress and Their Potential Role in Asthma 17 Models in Asthma to Study the Effect of Stress on Airway Inflammation 20 Socioeconomic Status, Stress and Th2 Expression 21 Use of Animal Models to Gain Insight to the Effects of Stress on Allergic Inflammation 25 How Is the Central Nervous System, or Brain, Involved in the Allergic Airway Response in Asthma and How May this Relate to Stress? 30 Conclusions 31 References 32 Stress-Related Programming of Autonomic Imbalance: Role in Allergy and Asthma Wright, R.J. (Boston, Mass.) 32 Abstract 33 Autonomic Imbalance and Allergy 34 Pre- and Postnatal Stress and Physiologic Programming 34 General Stress Paradigm 35 Perinatal Programming of Autonomic Reactivity V

3 35 Perinatal Stress and Immunomodulation 37 Integration of Systems 38 Epigenetics A Fundamental Programming Mechanism 41 Conclusion 41 Acknowledgements 41 References 48 Role of Parasympathetic Nerves and Muscarinic Receptors in Allergy and Asthma Scott, G.D.; Fryer, A.D. (Portland, Oreg.) 48 Abstract 49 Parasympathetic Signaling Controls Organ Functions Relevant to Allergy 49 General Anatomy and Signaling of the Parasympathetic Nervous System 50 Parasympathetic Control of the Lung 50 Muscarinic Receptor Changes on Airway Smooth Muscle 51 Dysfunctional Parasympathetic Nerve Control of Airway Smooth Muscle 53 Dysfunctional Parasympathetic Signaling and Airway Hypersecretion 53 Parasympathetic Nerves and Muscarinic Signaling as Therapeutic Targets for Asthma 54 Parasympathetic Control of the Nose 55 Dysfunctional Parasympathetic Signaling Causes Hypersecretion in the Nose 55 Parasympathetic Dysregulation of Vasodilation and Vascular Permeability 56 Parasympathetic Nerves and Muscarinic Receptor Signaling as Therapeutic Targets for Allergic Rhinitis 56 Parasympathetic Control of the Eye 56 Dysfuctional Parasympathetic Control of Lacrimation 57 Parasympathetic Control of the Intestine 57 Parasympathetic Causes of Intestinal Dysmotility 58 Parasympathetic Nerves and Muscarinic Signaling as Therapeutic Targets for IBS 58 Parasympathetic Control of the Skin 59 Role of Parasympathetic Nerves in Inflammation and Disease Progression 59 Parasympathetic Proinflammatory Signaling, Recruitment, and Cell Adhesion 61 Involvement of Parasympathetic Nerves in Tissue Remodeling 63 Concluding Remarks 63 References 70 Developmental Programming of Allergic Diseases Pincus, M. (Berlin); Arck, P. (Hamburg) 70 Abstract 71 Life before Life 72 Developmental Programming of the Endocrine System 73 Developmental Programming of the Immune System 77 Developmental Programming of the Nervous System 78 Conclusions 79 References 85 Mind-Body Interrelationship in DNA Methylation Szyf, M. (Montreal, Que.) 85 Abstract 85 DNA Methylation 87 DNA Methylation Confers Cell Type Identity on Identical DNA Sequences 89 DNA Methylation as a Mechanism of Genomewide and Systemwide Genome Adaptation 89 DNA Methylation Alterations in Response to Early Life Adversity during Gestation 91 DNA Methylation Responses to Social Adversity after Birth 93 Broad Response of the DNA Methylation State to Early Life Adversity 94 The DNA Methylation Response to Early Life Social Adversity Is Not Limited to the Brain and Includes the Immune System as Well VI

4 95 Conclusions 96 Acknowledgements 96 References 100 Neurotrophins in Chronic Allergic Airway Inflammation and Remodeling Renz, H.; Kılıç, A. (Marburg) 100 Abstract 101 Neurotrophins: Family Members and Synthesis 101 Neurotrophin Receptors and Basics of Neurotrophin Signaling 103 Neurotrophin Expression in the Lung 105 Neurotrophin Expression in the Immune System 107 Neurotrophins in Atopic Diseases 107 Neurotrophins in Chronic Allergic Airway Inflammation and Remodeling 108 Neurotrophins and Airway Hyperresponsiveness 109 Neurotrophins and Allergic Airway Inflammation 111 Neurotrophins and Airway Remodeling 114 Concluding Remarks 115 References 118 Pathways Underlying Afferent Signaling of Bronchopulmonary Immune Activation to the Central Nervous System Hale, M.W. (Boulder, Colo./Melbourne); Rook, G.A.W. (London); Lowry, C.A. (Boulder, Colo./Bristol) 118 Abstract 120 Multiple Pathways May Signal Peripheral Immune Activation to the CNS 121 Afferent Innervation of the Lungs and Airways 121 Types of Afferent Fibers Transmitting Signals of Bronchopulmonary Inflammation to the CNS 123 Location of Neuronal Cell Bodies Providing Afferent Innervation of the Airways and Lungs 123 Which Afferent Fiber Pathways Transmit Signals of Inflammation from the Lungs to the CNS? 124 Support for a Role for Afferent Fibers Originating in the Vagal Nodose Ganglia in Mediating Signals of Bronchopulmonary Inflammation 126 Support for a Role for Afferent Fibers Originating in the Vagal Jugular Ganglia in Mediating Signals of Bronchopulmonary Inflammation 126 Support for a Role for Afferent Fibers Originating in the Dorsal Root Ganglia (T1- T6), Sympathetic Afferents in Mediating Signals of Inflammation 127 Central Projections of Vagal Afferent Neuronal Fibers 128 Functionally Distinct Vagal Afferent Fibers Have Topographically Organized Projections to the nts 129 Afferent Projections of the Nodose and Jugular Ganglia Are Topographically Distinct 129 Functional Properties of the Dorsal Lateral Subnucleus of the nts 130 Functional Properties of the Area Postrema, Medial and Commissural Subnuclei of the nts 130 Potential Mechanisms for Activation of Bronchopulmonary Afferent Neurons by Local Inflammatory Stimuli 130 Aorticopulmonary Bodies ( Paraganglia ) 131 Intrapulmonary Peribronchial Ganglia ( Microparaganglia ) 132 Diffuse Neuroendocrine System of the Lung (Neuroepithelial Endocrine Cells and Neuroepithelial Bodies) 133 NECs and NEBs and Neurogenic Inflammation 134 Vascular Changes Associated with Neurogenic Inflammation May Increase the Accessibility of the Lung and Airways Compartments to Leukocytes 135 Conclusions 135 Acknowledgements 135 References 142 Allergen-Induced Neuromodulation in the Respiratory Tract Weigand, L.A.; Undem, B.J. (Baltimore, Md.) 142 Abstract 143 Neurobiology of the Respiratory Tract VII

5 143 Sensory Afferent Innervation of the Respiratory Tract 144 Autonomic Efferent Innervation of the Respiratory Tract 144 Parasympathetic 145 Sympathetic 145 Axon Reflexes and Peripheral Reflexes 145 Allergen- Induced Neuromodulation 146 Allergen- Induced Afferent Neuromodulation 146 Acute Activation of Afferent Nerves 149 Acute Increases in Electrical Excitability of Afferent Airway Nerves 150 Allergen- Induced Sensory Neuroplasticity 152 Allergic Neuromodulation in the CNS 154 Allergic Neuromodulation of Efferent (Autonomic) Nerves 154 Acute Activation and Increases in Parasympathetic Nerve Excitability 154 Allergen- Induced Neuroplasticity in the Parasympathetic Nerves 155 Clinical Allergy and the Neural Hypersensitive State 157 Conclusions 157 References 163 Role of Microbiome in Regulating the HPA Axis and Its Relevance to Allergy Sudo, N. (Fukuoka) 163 Abstract 164 HPA Axis Sensitivity to Stress Is Determined by Early- Life Environmental Factors 164 Normal Functioning of the HPA Axis is Necessary for Diminishing Ongoing Allergic Reactions 166 Gut Microbiota Play a Critical Role in Determining the Setpoint of the HPA Axis 169 Brain Network Recognizes Signaling of Microbial Colonization in Gut and Elicits Transient Increases in Plasma Corticosterone Levels 170 Possible Gut Microbe- Derived Neurotransmitters and Gases Involved in Microbiome- Brain Signaling 172 Epigenetics May Be a Key Mechanism Explaining the Modification of the HPA Axis by the Microbiome 173 Conclusion and Perspectives 174 References 176 Autonomic Regulation of Anti-Inflammatory Activities from Salivary Glands Mathison, R.D.; Davison, J.S. (Calgary, Alta.); St. Laurent, C.D.; Befus, A.D. (Edmonton, Alta.) 176 Abstract 178 Cervical Sympathetic Trunk- Submandibular Gland Axis 180 Innervation of the Submandibular Glands 181 Submandibular Glands 181 Submandibular Rat- 1 Protein, Its Derivatives and Human Homologues 181 Submandibular Gland Peptide T (SGP-T) 183 A Human Homologue of Sialorphin Opiorphin 183 Human Homologues of SGP-T 185 Other Salivary Anti-inflammatory Peptides 185 Biological Activities of FEG and Its Derivatives 186 Cellular Mechanism of Action of SGP-T and feg 186 Genomics of SMR1 and its Homologues 187 Autonomic Control of Salivary Gland Endocrine Secretion 188 CST-SMG Axis in Humans 190 Conclusions 190 References 196 The Mast Cell-Nerve Functional Unit: A Key Component of Physiologic and Pathophysiologic Responses Forsythe, P.; Bienenstock, J. (Hamilton, Ont.) 196 Abstract 196 Mast Cells VIII

6 198 Molecules Involved in Mast Cell Nerve Attachments 199 Nerve Growth Factor 200 Sensory Neuropeptides 200 Substance P and the Functional Relationship between Neurons and Mast Cells 202 CGRP 203 Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide 203 Cholinergic Neurons 205 Mast Cell- Nerve Interaction in the Physiology and Pathophysiology of Specific Tissues 205 Skin 207 The Gastrointestinal Tract 209 Lung 211 Urinary Tract 212 The Brain 214 Conclusions 214 References 222 Neural and Behavioral Correlates of Food Allergy Costa-Pinto, F.A.; Basso, A.S. (Sao Paulo) 222 Abstract 223 Review of Clinical Findings 226 Enter Experimental Neuroimmunomodulation 227 Analyzing the Behavior of Allergic Mice 227 Two-Bottle Preference Test: Allergic Mice Develop Food Aversion 229 Oral Antigen Challenge Elicits Anxiety-Like Behavior in Allergic Mice 229 Allergic Response Triggers Activation of Emotionality-Related Brain Areas 231 Signaling Allergy to the Mouse Brain 231 Role of Antibodies and Mast Cells 233 Neural Pathways Involved in Food Allergy Signaling to the Mouse Brain: Role of Type C-Sensitive Fibers 235 Current Approaches and Future Perspectives 236 References 240 The Neuroendocrine-Immune Connection Regulates Chronic Inflammatory Disease in Allergy Peters, E.M.J. (Berlin/Giessen) 240 Abstract 241 Neuroanatomy of the Skin: A Key to Understand Neuroendocrine- Immune Interactions in Peripheral Tissues 242 Neuroendocrine Immune Interaction in the Epidermis Involves Structural and Functional Cells Regulating Barrier Function and Antigen Presentation 244 Deeper Skin Structures Are Characterized by Prominent Innate Neuroendocrine Immune Regulation 246 Disease Pathology in Allergic Inflammation Is an Instructive Model for Misguided Neuroendocrine Stress Responses 248 Conclusion 249 References 253 Itch and the Brain Pfab, F. (Boston, Mass./Munich); Valet, M. (Munich); Napadow, V. (Boston, Mass.); Tölle, T.-R.; Behrendt, H.; Ring, J.; Darsow, U. (Munich) 253 Abstract 254 Neuroimaging of Itch by Positron Emission Tomography 255 New Methodology Enabling Itch Measurement by Functional MRI 257 Cerebral Processing of Histamine-Induced Itch Using Short-Term Alternating Temperature Modulation An fmri Study 257 Further Neuroimaging Studies in Healthy Volunteers IX

7 258 Neuroimaging Studies in Patients Suffering Chronically from Itch 259 Key Anatomic Brain Regions of Itch and Their Function 259 Insular Cortex 259 Pre-Supplementary Motor Area and Primary Motor Cortex, Motor Part of the Cingulate Cortex 262 Thalamus and Primary Somatosensory Cortex 262 Inferior Parietal Cortex and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex 263 Conclusion 263 Acknowledgement 264 References 266 Author Index 267 Subject Index X

8 Section Title Preface Until a few decades ago, many allergic manifestations were largely regarded as being psychosomatic in origin. This was particularly thought to apply to asthma even though it had been demonstrated that skin allergic reactions could be adoptively transferred from one patient to another with serum in the famous Prausnitz- Kustner reaction [1]. The identification of the role of mast cells in allergy and their content of histamine helped to emphasize the biological nature of allergic reactions [2], and this was finally resolved with the identification of IgE as the key antibody responsible in mice by Ishizaka and Ishizaka [3]. The final confirm ation that this not only applied to rodents but also humans in the clinical setting, came with the discovery of a human IgE equivalent by Johansson and Bennich [4]. The subsequent identification that asthma was an inflammatory disease [5], as with many discoveries in medicine, really engendered a paradigm shift away from a consideration of the role of the brain and nervous system in allergy and especially in asthma. In recent times it has become increasingly clear that the immune and nervous systems are integrated and that constant bidirectional communication is occurring between them, and the term psychoneuroimmunology has been used to describe this [6]. Most immune cells possess receptors for neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors, and indeed also have the capacity to synthesize many of them. That the brain is often involved in modulating inflammation and immune activity has now been well described in the literature, and we showed some time ago that it was possible to condition mast cells to degranulate using a Pavlovian conditioning model [7]. More recently, the potential role of chronic stress in allergic disease has been identified and raises the important question of the role of psychosocial circumstances as determinants of various allergic conditions. The mechanisms and pathways whereby the nervous system may be involved in beneficial or detrimental outcomes in allergy are still somewhat obscure, but new light is being shed on this complex biology through technological and conceptual advances. These include magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and epigenetics. The chapters in this book cover many but not all aspects of the potential and actual role of the nervous system in the modulation of allergy, and our hope is that they XI

9 may help restore some balance in our thinking about allergic disease and offer a more holistic approach to its understanding and treatment. John Bienenstock References 1 Prausnitz C, Küstner H: Studien über die Ueberempfindlichkeit. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1921;86: Selye H: The Mast Cells. Washington, Butterworth, Ishizaka K, Ishizaka T: Identification of gamma E antibody as a carrier of reaginic activity. J Immunol 1967;99: Johansson SGO, Bennich H: Immunological studies of an atypical (myeloma) immunoglobulin. Immunology 1967;13: Chung KF, Durham SR: Asthma as an inflammatory disease: clinical perspectives. Br Med Bull 1992;48: Ader R, Felten D, Cohen N (eds): Psychoneuroimmunology, ed 4. New York, Academic Press, MacQueen G, Marshall J, Perdue M, Siegel S, Bienenstock J: Pavlovian conditioning of rat mucosal mast cells to secrete rat mast cell protease II. Science 1989;243: XII Bienenstock