Epigenetics and Chromatin

Transcription

1 Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology 38 Epigenetics and Chromatin Bearbeitet von Philippe Jeanteur 1. Auflage Taschenbuch. xiii, 266 S. Paperback ISBN Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 438 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Chemie, Biowissenschaften, Agrarwissenschaften > Entwicklungsbiologie > Zellbiologie (Zytologie) Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Contents Chromatin Remodeling Factors and DNA Replication P.Varga-Weisz 1 Introduction Chromatin and Chromatin Remodeling Factors Chromatin Histone Modification Enzymes ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling Factors Chromatin Structure and DNA Replication Chromatin Assembly Histone Chaperones Chromatin Assembly Factor 1, a Replication-Coupled Histone Chaperone CAF-1 Functions in the Inheritance of Chromatin States Histone Chaperone ASF Histone Chaperones and Heterochromatin Replication Histone Variants DNA Replication-Independent Chromatin Assembly Histone Modifications and Chromatin Replication Histone Deacetylation During Chromatin Replication Histone Acetylation at the Replication Site ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling Factors in Chromatin Replication ISWI Complexes in Chromatin Assembly in Vitro ISWI Complexes and Their Role in Chromatin Replication in Vivo The Assembly of Higher Order Chromatin Structures PCNA, a Central Coordinator of Epigenetic Inheritance Mechanisms of Epigenetic Inheritance Through Chromatin: Conclusion References

3 VIII Contents Epigenetic Inheritance of Chromatin States Mediated by Polycomb and Trithorax Group Proteins in Drosophila J. Déjardin and G. Cavalli 1 Introduction Proteins of the Polycomb Group of Genes PcG Complexes The ESC-E(Z) Complex The Polycomb Repressive Complex Other Identified PcG Proteins and Partners Targeting of PcG-Mediated Repression PcG Response Elements Chromatin Determinants Associated with Targeting Mechanisms of Repression Spreading or Looping? Proposed Silencing Mechanisms Proteins of the Trithorax Group trxg Complexes The Trithorax Acetylation Complex (TAC1) The Brahma Complex The GAF FACT Complex Other trxg Complexes and Partners Targeting of trxg Complexes at TREs Mechanisms of Action Modes of Inheritance Concluding Remarks References How to Pack the Genome for a Safe Trip C. Caron, J. Govin, S. Rousseaux and S. Khochbin 1 Introduction Synthesis of Histone Variants Non-Testis-Specific Core Histone Variants Testis-Specific Histone Variants Linker Histones Core Histones Histone Modifications Acetylation Ubiquitination Phosphorylation Methylation Transition Proteins Final Components of the Sperm Chromatin

4 Contents 5.1 Protamines Histones Mechanisms Controlling Post-Meiotic Chromatin Reorganization: A General Discussion Active Transcription Followed by Repression in Round Spermatids Functional Link Between Histone Acetylation and Chromatin Condensation and Histone Replacement Does Histone Ubiquitination Play a Role in Spermatid-Specific Chromatin Remodeling? Is There a Spermiogenesis-Specific Histone Code? Do Histone Variants Play a Role in Spermatid-Specific Chromatin Remodeling? Concluding Remarks References IX Chromatin Modifications on the Inactive X Chromosome H.R. Cohen, M.E. Royce-Tolland, K.A. Worringer and B. Panning 1 Introduction Features of Xi Chromatin Histone H3 Lysine 9 Methylation Histone H3 Lysine 27 Methylation Methylation at Other Histone H3 Residues Histone Acetylation Histone MacroH2A Other Variant Histones Nucleosome Position Shape of the Xi DNA Methylation Late Replication Timing Xist RNA Redundant Mechanisms Maintain Silencing Chromatin at the Xic Histone Modifications DNA Methylation Replication Timing Genes that Escape X-Inactivation Histone Modifications DNA Methylation Replication Timing Chromosome Organization Developmental Regulation of X-Inactivation

5 X Contents 5.1 Three Stages of X-Inactivation Embryonic Stem Cells Extraembryonic Cells Reactivation of the Xi Chromatin Features of the X Chromosomes Prior to X-Inactivation Imprinted X-Inactivation Random X-Inactivation Conclusion References Chromatin Mechanisms in Drosophila Dosage Compensation M. Taipale and A. Akhtar 1 Introduction The MSL Complex MSL MSL MSL MOF MLE JIL rox1 and rox rox Genes as Non-Coding RNAs rox Loci as Chromatin Entry Sites Targeting, Assembly and Spreading of the MSL Complex Targeting and Assembly Spreading Cracking the Code X Establishing the Code Reading the Code Molecular Mechanism of Dosage Compensation Initiation Versus Elongation The Inverse Effect Hypothesis The Origin and Evolution of the MSL Complex References DNA Methylation in Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression A. Razin and B. Kantor 1 Introduction Changes in Gene-Specific Methylation Patterns During Early Embryo Development

6 Contents 3 Effect of Methylation on Gene Expression Direct Transcription Inhibition Indirect Transcription Inhibition DNA Methylation and Genomic Imprinting DNA Methylation and Disease Concluding Remarks References XI The Epigenetic Breakdown of Cancer Cells: From DNA Methylation to Histone Modifications E. Ballestar and M. Esteller 1 Introduction What Is Responsible for DNA Methylation and for How Deregulation Occurs? Is Methylation Specific to the Tumor Type? Connecting DNA Methylation Changes with Transcription: Chromatin Mechanisms Can We Reactivate Epigenetically Silenced Genes? Towards Epigenetic Therapy References Developmental Regulation of the b-globin Gene Locus L. Chakalova, D. Carter, E. Debrand, B. Goyenechea, A. Horton, J. Miles, C. Osborne and P. Fraser 1 Introduction The b-globin Clusters and Their Ontogeny Models for Studying the b-globin Locus The LCR Is Required for High-Level Expression The Role of Individual HS Gene Competition and the LCR Holocomplex The b-globin Locus Resides in a Region of Tissue-Specific Open Chromatin The Role of Insulators Intergenic Transcription Intergenic Promoters Histone Modification and Developmental Globin Gene Expression The Role of Intergenic Transcription The Cell Cycle Connection

7 XII Contents 14 The Corfu Deletion Higher Order Folding and Long-Range Regulation Nuclear Organization Summary Model References Epigenetic Regulation of Mammalian Imprinted Genes: From Primary to Functional Imprints M. Weber, H. Hagège, N. Aptel, C. Brunel, G. Cathala and T. Forné 1 Introduction Imprinting Evolution Conservation of Parental Genomic Imprinting in Therian Mammals Theories on the Evolution of Parental Genomic Imprinting The Parental Conflict Theory Alternative Theories Characteristics of Mammalian Imprinted Genes Epigenetic Control of Imprinted Genes DNA Methylation Histone Modifications Asynchronous DNA Replication Timing Chromatin Architecture The Parental Genomic Imprinting Cycle Erasure Establishment Primary Imprinting Marks Imprinting Centres Maintenance Monoallelic Expression of Imprinted Genes Formatting for Gene Expression Acquisition of Functional Imprints Conclusion References Seed Development and Genomic Imprinting in Plants C. Köhler and U. Grossniklaus 1 Introduction Seed Development in Angiosperms Development and Function of the Endosperm

8 Contents XIII 4 A Role for Genomic Imprinting in Seed Development? The Discovery of Genomic Imprinting in Maize Studies on Other Potentially Imprinted Genes in Maize Maternal Control of Early Seed Development in Arabidopsis Intragenomic Parental Conflict and the Evolution of Genomic Imprinting Imprinting of the MEDEA Locus in Arabidopsis Function of MEDEA During Gametophyte and Seed Development Imprinting of the FWA Locus in the Female Gametophyte The Role of Imprinting During Gametophyte and Seed Development Imprinting and Apomixis Possible Epigenetic Marks Distinguishing Maternal and Paternal Alleles Chromatin Structure DNA Methylation During Gametogenesis DNA Methylation During Seed Development Conclusions References Subject Index