Objectives. Review the gross anatomy and physiology of the axial skeleton by labeling a diagram and completing a group research activity.

Transcription

1 Bell Work Read and highlight the review worksheets given to you paying attention to the functions of the skeletal system, bone structure, and types of bones.

2 The Skeletal System

3 Standards Review the gross and cellular anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. 13) Review the concepts of kinesiology and biomechanics from the Rehabilitation Careers course. Explain how joint and bone movement, body motion, and levers can have positive or negative effects on an athlete s performance and development. In a presentation or speech intended for an audience of young athletes, describe the effects of overtraining on the musculoskeletal system, and relate the importance of adopting safe biomechanical practices when training.

4 Objectives Review the gross anatomy and physiology of the axial skeleton by labeling a diagram and completing a group research activity.

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6 The Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton is blue and includes the: skull vertebral column sternum ribs hyoid bone (or laryngeal) ossicles (inner ear)

7 The Axial Skeleton Are there any bones that might be confused as to being part of the axial skeleton, but are not?

8 The Skull (Lateral view) *Cranium *Facial bones What is the difference?

9 The Cranium and Facial Bones (separated)

10 Skull fractures

11 Facial fractures

12 The Vertebral Column (The Spinal Column)

13 Cervical Spine OR C-Spine

14 C-1 and C-2

15 What problems are related to posture and smart phone use?

16 Thoracic Spine OR T-Spine

17 AP View What do you notice about this thoracic spine x-ray? What organs do you see? What organs or bones do you think you should see but do not? Can you figure out which vertebral body is T-12? This image is collimated in, leaving the rest of the chest unseen. Why would the image, which was correctly obtained need to collimate?

18 Lumbar Spine OR L-Spine

19 Sacrum and Coccyx

20 Activity (turn to page 316 in the new book) Draw and describe the following conditions related to the spine: Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis

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22 Problems with Alignment

23 Sternum and Rib Cage 12 sets of Ribs True, False, Floating What body cavity do the ribs protect?

24 What do you notice about the floating ribs? Why would we name the false ribs such?

25 Sternum and ribs

26 Identify the parts of the axial skeleton that are possibly fractured or damaged!

27 Identify the parts of the axial skeleton that are possibly fractured or damaged!

28 Identify the parts of the axial skeleton that are possibly fractured or damaged!

29 Identify the parts of the axial skeleton that are possibly fractured or damaged!

30 Identify the parts of the axial skeleton that are possibly fractured or damaged!

31 Activities Label and color the worksheets of the skull. Use various colors to help you distinguish between the terminology. Read the professional journal on Facial Fractures and answer the questions. Also, Write a three paragraph summary describing the: Epidemiology of facial fractures Different kinds of facial fractures Treatment of facial fractures

32 Optional Activities Create a PowerPoint of the Station 5 chart located under Skeletal System Lab Activities. -OR- Create a PowerPoint outlining the differences in the bone structure of ethnic groups, gender and pediatrics, and those with disabilities. At least 10 slides. Include at least 5 pictures. Distinguish Caucasian, African-American, Asian, and Native American ethnic groups. Distinguish between men, women, and children. Address what healthcare professionals look for in ultrasound pre-natal assessments concerning bone anatomy.

33 Exit Ticket Name the bones within the axial skeleton? Name the three types of ribs. How many thoracic spine are there? Where is the hyoid bone located?

34 Bell Work Continue working on your skull and spine diagrams and extended learning questions.

35 Standards 8) Review the gross and cellular anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. 13) Review the concepts of kinesiology and biomechanics from the Rehabilitation Careers course. Explain how joint and bone movement, body motion, and levers can have positive or negative effects on an athlete s performance and development. In a presentation or speech intended for an audience of young athletes, describe the effects of overtraining on the musculoskeletal system, and relate the importance of adopting safe biomechanical practices when training.

36 Objectives Identify the bones of the upper and lower extremities as well as their attachments by examining a model and labeling a diagram. Research the negative affects of body movement by comparing normal and abnormal appendicular imaging.

37 The Appendicular Skeleton The appendicular skeleton is beige and includes shoulder girdles arms wrists hands and fingers pelvic girdle legs ankles feet and toes

38 The Shoulder Girdle

39 The Scapula and Humerus

40 Humerus (upper arm)

41 Ulna and Radius (lower arm)

42 The Humerus, Radius, and Ulna What do we call this area where these three bones communicate?

43 The Hand and Fingers

44 The Hand and Fingers

45 The Pelvic Girdle Why do you think the shape of the pelvis Is different between males and females?

46 Which is the pediatric pelvis?

47 Femur, Tibia, and Fibula Upper Leg Lower Leg Patella

48 The Femur, Tibia, Fibula, and Patella (Knee joint)

49 Feet and toes

50 Feet and toes

51 r What are the bumps on the sides of the feet near the toes called?

52 With a partner! Create a PPT. Exercise Science Research types of fractures. Describe them. Insert pictures. Explain treatment and rehabilitation options. Also explain the difference between open, closed, complete, and incomplete. Transverse Oblique Spiral Comminuted Impacted Avulsion Fissure Greenstick

53 With a partner!! (A & P only) 1 st Create an acrostic of the carpal (wrist) bones to help you memorize their names and positions. You may start with anyone of them, as long as you include all EIGHT in your acrostic. Create an acrostic of the SEVEN tarsal (ankle) bones the same way. 2 nd What is an acrostic? Here is an example they may be familiar to you: Order of solving mathematical equations - Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally Parenthesis, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction

54 Individual extended learning Continue working on your skull and spine diagrams. Color and add labels to the hands and feet diagrams as well. Complete the exploration activity given on a link from the class website.

55 Bell Work Synarthroses-immoveable joint connected by tough fibrous connective tissue. Amphiarthroses-partially moveable joints with cartilage between their articular surfaces. Diarthroses-moveable joints consisting of articular cartilage, a bursa, and a synovial cavity.

56 Objectives Distinguish the three classifications of joints and examples of each. Identify joint structures and explore their functions through a Range of Motion activity. Explore possible problems and treatments related to the joints.

57 Immoveable Joints A fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue (for example, the sutures of the skull). At what time did these bones need to be able to move?

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59 Cartilaginous Joint: the joint space is covered in dense connective tissue In males this may shift slightly at times. In females this joint is vital to provide room during vaginal childbirth.

60 Moveable Joints Joint structures Tendons: Cords of fibrous connective tissue, like bungee cords, connecting muscle to bone. Ligaments: tough, whitish bands that connect from bone to bone and can withstand heavy stress. Cartilage: Acts as cushion between bones; articular cartilage located on ends of bones and acts as shock absorber, preventing ends from grinding together when you move.

61 Joint structures Bursae-thin, lubricated cushions located at points of friction between a bone and the surrounding soft tissue, such as skin, muscles, ligaments and tendons; like a tiny water balloon with only a few drops of fluid in it, wedged between two surfaces. Synovial cavity(synovial joints)- allow for movement. Where the bones meet to form a synovial joint, the bones' surfaces are covered with a thin layer of strong, smooth articular cartilage. A very thin layer of slippery, viscous joint fluid, called synovial fluid, separates and lubricates the two cartilagecovered bone surfaces.

62 Moveable Bone Joints -Saddle -Ball and Socket -Pivot -Hinge -Ellipsoidal -Gliding

63 ARTHRITIS: ARTHR/O=JOINT ITIS=INFLAMMATION Signs and symptoms may include: Pain, Stiffness, Swelling, Redness, and Decreased range of motion Osteoarthritis OSTEO=BONE The most common type, wear-and-tear damage to your joint's cartilage the hard, slick coating on the ends of bones. Enough damage can result in bone grinding directly on bone, which causes pain and restricted movement. Rheumatoid arthritis The body's immune system attacks the lining of the joint capsule, a tough membrane that encloses all the joint parts. This lining, known as the synovial membrane, becomes inflamed and swollen. The disease process can eventually destroy cartilage and bone within the joint.

64 Compare the types: Treatments Analgesics (pain meds) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) Counterirritants (menthol type creams) Corticosteroids (suppresses immune system) Physical Therapy Surgery

65 The Vertebral Column/Spine The joints in the spine are commonly called Facet Joints. anther name for these joints are Apophyseal Joints. Each vertebra has two sets of facet joints. One pair faces upward (superior articular facet) and one downward (inferior articular facet). There is one joint on each side (right and left). Facet joints are hinge like and link vertebrae together. They are located at the back of the spine (posterior).

66 Vertebral Column/Spine Facet joints are synovial joints. This means each joint is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue and produces a fluid to nourish and lubricate the joint. The joint surfaces are coated with cartilage allowing joints to move or glide smoothly (articulate) against each other. These joints allow flexion (bend forward), extension (bend backward), and twisting motion. Certain types of movement are restricted. The spine is made more stable due to the interlocking nature to adjacent vertebrae.

67 OSTEOPOROSIS Oste/o=bone por/ous= pores in the bone osis=process/condition causes bones to become weak and brittle so brittle that a fall or even mild stresses like bending over or coughing can cause a fracture. Your bones are in a constant state of renewal new bone is made and old bone is broken down. When you're young, your body makes new bone faster than it breaks down old bone and your bone mass increases. Most people reach their peak bone mass by their early 20s. As people age, bone mass is lost faster than it's created.

68 OSTEOPOROSIS TREATMENT Bisphosphonates (increases bone density) Drugs that promote bone growth Hormone-related therapy (estrogen especially in women after menopause) Increase of vitamins, calcium Vertebroplasty or Kyphoplasty (process of injected bone cement into the vertebral bodies to increase height, also this reduces pain from the bone grinding together. (This procedure can be done in surgery or better yet Interventional Radiology)!!!! A FRACTURE IN THE SPINAL COLUNN IS CALLED A COMPRESSION FRACTURE

69 Group Activities Complete Meet Me at the Joint Worksheet Next continue working on your PPT project. After completing the fracture research Research possible joint injuries: dislocations and hyperextension (including torn ligaments.) Include pictures and possible treatments for the various types of joints we have discussed. If completed Treatment of bone/joint injuries worksheet.

70 Activity with a partner Go to class website and choose the Range of Motion (ROM) Activity Make sure to define ALL of the terms including: The FOUR main types, and The SIXTEEN movements Then practice directing and assisting these movements with a partner.

71 Directed Reading Activity In your group of three choose one of the following directed reading from the website: Care Considerations with Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries Total Knee Replacement and Imaging Computed Tomography of Facial Fractures Each person in your group will choose a different directed reading. You may not do the same one. After you answer the questions, then go to the Extended Learning Assignments tab on the class website. Complete the task for the corresponding professional journal.