MASTERY TEST. 3. Carbon dioxide combines with water to form. An excess of COz will cause the blood ph to (increaseldecrease).

Transcription

1 MASTERY TEST Now take the mastery test. Do not guess. Some questions may have more than one correct answer. As soon as you complete the test, correct it. Note your successes and failures so that you can read the chapter to meet your learning needs. 1. Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen by cells is part of a. ventilation. c. internal respiration. b. breathing. d. transport of gases. 2. The gas exchange made possible by respiration enables cells to harness the in food molecules. 3. Carbon dioxide combines with water to form. An excess of COz will cause the blood ph to (increaseldecrease).

2 Which of the following organs islare part of the upper respiratory tract? a. lungs c. bronchi b. pharynx d. larynx Match the functions in the first column with the appropriate part of the nose in the second column. 1. warm incoming air a. mucous membrane - 2, trap particulate matter in the air b. mucus - 3. prevent infection c. cilia 4. moisten air 5. move nasal secretions to pharynx Which of the following is(are) the result of cigarette smoking? a. paralysis of respiratory cilia c. easier access to respiratory tissue by pathogenic b. production of increased amounts of mucus organisms d. loss of elasticity in the walls of respiratory passages Does statement a explain statement b? a. The sinuses are air-filled spaces in bones of the skull and face. b. Inflammation of the nose can lead to fluid being trapped in the sinuses. The pharynx is the cavity behind the mouth extending from the The portions of the larynx concerned with preventing foreign objects from entering the trachea are the a, arytenoid cartilages. c. epiglottis. b. glottis. d. hyoid bone. The portion of the larynx visible in the neck as the Adam's apple is the The pitch of the voice is controlled by a. changing the tension of the vocal cords. c. opening the vocal cords. b. changing the force of the air passing through d. increasing the volume of air passing through the the larynx. larynx. The trachea is maintained in an open position by a. cartilaginous rings. c. the tone of smooth muscle in the wall of the b. the amount of collagen in the wall of the trachea. trachea. d. the continuous flow of air through the trachea. A temporary opening in the trachea made to bypass an obstruction is a The right and left bronchi arise from the trachea at the a. suprastemal notch. c. fifth thoracic vertebra. b. manubrium of the sternum. d. eighth intercostal space. The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are the As the lumen of the branches of the bronchial tree decreases, the amount of cartilage (increases/decreases). The instrument used to examine the trachea and bronchial tree and to remove foreign objects aspirated into air passages The type of epithelium found in the alveoli is a. simple squamous. c. pseudostratified. b. ciliated columnar. d. cuboidal. Blood is pumped out of the body and across a semipermeable membrane that adds oxygen and removes carbon dioxide in a. artificial respiration. c. mechanical ventilation. b. extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. d. intravascular oxygenation. Each lung is entered on its medial surface by a bronchus and blood vessels in a region called the The The serous membrane covering the lungs is the lung is composed of superior, inferior, and middle lobes. to the

3 The serous membrane covering the inner wall of the thoracic cavity is the Inspiration occurs after the diaphragm (increasingldecreasing) the pressure within the thorax., thus (increasing/decreasing) the size of the thorax and The other muscles that act to change the size of the thorax during normal respiration are the a. sternocleidomastoids. c. intercostals. b. pectorals. d. latissimus dorsi. The safest way to deal with asbestos in a building is to leave it undisturbed. a. True b. False Expansion of the lungs during inspiration is assisted by the surface tension of fluid in the cavity. The surface tension of fluid in the alveoli is decreased by a secretion,, that prevents collapse of the alveoli. The force responsible for expiration comes mainly from a. contraction of intercostal muscles. c. elastic recoil of tissues in the lung and b. change in the surface tension within alveoli. thoracic wall. d. contraction of abdominal muscles to push the diaphragm upward. The ease with which lungs can be expanded in response to pressure changes during breathing is called The pressure in the pleural cavity is a. greater than atmospheric pressure. c. the same as atmospheric pressure. b. less than atmospheric pressure. Respiratory air volumes are measured by an instrument called a The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs during a normal, quiet respiration is the a. vital capacity. c. total lung capacity. b. respiratory cycle. d. resting tidal volume. Respiratory volumes are used to calculate The anatomic dead space is composed of the In a normal individual, the anatomic dead space and the physiologic dead space are (equallnot equal). The amount of new air that reaches the alveoli and is available for gas exchange is represented by the rate. Coughing, laughing, and yawning are examples of Because of normal respiratory physiology, people with bronchial asthma will initially have difficulty with a. inspiration. c. inspifation and expiration. b. expiration. The pathologic events of emphysema include all of the following except a. loss of elasticity in alveolar tissue. c. narrowing of the lumen of the bronchi. b. loss of interalveolar walls, so that larger d. loss of capillary network. chambers form. Normal breathing is controlled by the respiratory center located in the, and The rate of breathing is controlled by the a. medullary rhythmicity area. c. pneumotaxic area. b. apneustic area. Activation of the abdominal muscles. The Hering-Breuer reflexes are activated by a. stretch receptors in bronchioles and alveoli. b. an increase in hydrogen ions. controls the action of the intercostal and c. a decrease in oxygen saturation. d. a sudden fall in blood pressure.

4 The most potent stimulus to increase respiratory rate and depth is to increase the blood concentration of Hyperventilation leads to dizziness because of a. an increase in blood pressure. b. a decrease in heart rate. Exercise provokes an increase in respiratory rate due to a. increased C02 levels. b. generalized vasoconstriction. A phagocyte that moves through alveolar pores is a c. generalized vasoconstriction in cerebral arterioles. d. a decrease in blood ph. c. stimulation of proprioceptors in joints. d. stimulation of the respiratory center by the cerebral cortex. The respiratory membrane consists of a single layer of epithelial cells and basement membrane from a(n) and a(n) The rate at which a gas diffuses fi-om one area to another is determined by differences in areas. The pressure of each gas within a mixture of gases is known as its in the two Pneumonia, tuberculosis, and atelectasis present similar problems in that they a, decrease the surface available for diffusion c. diminish blood circulation to the lungs. of gases. d. destroy surfactant. b. obstruct the flow of air into the lungs. Oxygen is transported to cells by combining with Oxygen is released in greater amounts as carbon dioxide levels and temperature (increaseldecrease). Carbon monoxide interferes with oxygen transport by binding to The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported a. dissolved in blood. c. as bicarbonate. b. combined with hemoglobin. d. as carbonic anhydrase. As individuals age, the susceptibility to infection (increases/decreases).

5 15. increase 16. b 17. Barrett's esophagus 18. peristalsis 19. heartburn 20. b 21. hypertrophic pyloric stenosis 22. c 23. b 24. vitamin BI2 25. decreases 26. b, c 27. inhibits 28. chyme 29. a 30. a, b 31. inhibits 32. medulla oblongata 33. a 34. a 35, b 36. alkaline 37. c 38. upper right 39. c 40. ferritin 41. c 42. b, c, d 43. a,d 44. c 45. a, b, d 46. duodenum, jejunum, ileum 47. b 48. c 49. d 50. c 5 1. peristaltic rush 52. LDL; HDL 53. cecum 54. b 55. electrolytes, water 56. a,c 57. c 18 Mastery Test Answers 1. carbohydrates, proteins, fats 2. vitamins, minerals 3. essential nutrients 4. leptin 5. cholecystokinin, ghrelin 6. a, b 7. cellulose 8. oxidation 9. b, d 10. d 11. b 12. triglyceride 13. linoleic acid 14. b,d 15. d 16. cholesterol 17. too much 18. a, c, d 19. amino acids 20. complete 21. yes 22. a 23. a, c 24. calories 25. basal metabolic rate 26. a, c 27. negative 28. a 29. fat 30. b 31. a 32. sunlight or ultraviolet rays 33. c 34. b, d 35. b 36. a 37. a 38. a, c 39. b 40. c 41. d 42. c 43. calcium, phosphorus 44. c 45. b 46. aldosterone 47. sodium 48. d 49. oxygen 50. a, b, c, d 51. vitamin C 52. c 53. primary 54. b 55. b 19 Mastery Test Answers 1. c 2. energy 3. carbonic acid; decrease 4. b, d 5. l.a,2.b,3.~,4.a,5.c 6. a, b, c, d 7. no 8. nasal cavity, larynx 9. b, c 10. thyroid cartilage 11. a 12. a 13. tracheostomy 14. c 15. alveolar ducts 16. decreases 17. fiberoptic bronchoscope 18. a 19. b 20. hilum 21. right 22. visceral pleura 23. parietal pleura 24. contracts, increasing, decreasing 25. c 26. a 27. pleural 28. surfactant 29. c 30. compliance 31. b 32. spirometer 33. d 34. respiratory capacities 35. trachea, bronchus, bronchioles 36. equal 37. alveolar ventilation 38. nonrespiratory air movements 39. b 40. c 4 1. brain stem 42. c 43. ventral respiratory group 44. a 45. carbon dioxide 46. c 47. a, c, d 48. alveolar macrophage 49. alveolus, capillary 50. pressure 5 1. partial pressure 52. a 53. hemoglobin 54. increase 55. hemoglobin 56. c 57. increases 20 Mastery Test Answers I. b,c 2. b, c 3. renal pelvis 4. d 5. Wilrns 6. a, b, c, d 7. a 8. a,b 9. b 10. b 11. c 12. collecting duct 13. macula densa 14. d 15. urine 16. a 17. renin 18. b 19. hydrostatic pressure -