Respiratory System 1. A function of the structure labelled X is to
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1 1 Respiratory System 1. A function of the structure labelled X is to A. produce sound. B. exchange gases. C. carry air into and out of the lung. D. stimulate the breathing centre in the brain. 2. Identify structure X in the above diagram and relate its structure to its function (3 marks) 3. Describe how the upper respiratory tract is specialized to keep the lungs free of debris (3 marks) 4. Which of the following would cause the effect shown? A. increased oxygen in the blood B. increased numbers of red blood cells C. increased carbon dioxide in the blood D. decreased concentration of hydrogen ions 5. Which of the following reactions occurs in a capillary of the leg? A. Hb + H + HHb B. HbCO 2 Hb + CO 2 C. Hb + oxygen HbO 2 D. H + + HCO 3 H 2 CO 3
2 2 6. Identify three substances transported by hemoglobin in the blood and give the name of each form of hemoglobin. (3 marks: ½ mark each) 7. a) Explain how each of the following structures functions in the process of inhalation. (3 marks) Diaphragm: Ribs: Pleural membranes: 8. a) Label structures W, X, Y and Z on the diagram. (4 marks: 1 mark each) W: X: Y: Z: b) Describe the roles of structures W, X and Z in the process of inhalation. (3 marks) 9. The structure that increases thoracic volume when it contracts is A. W B. X C. Y D. Z Alveoli would not be characterized as A. muscular. B. thin-walled. C. vascularized. D. secreting a lipoprotein.
3 3 10. Give one function of each of the following. (2 marks: 1 mark each) a) Cilia in the trachea: b) Hemoglobin: 11. The following reaction takes place in the blood: Substance X would be A. thrombin. B. calcium ions. C. carbonic anhydrase. D. prothrombin activator. 12. The structure labelled X is held open by A. cartilage. B. vocal cords. C. a lipoprotein layer. D. a pleural membrane. Which of the following is the site of external respiration? A. Alveoli. B. Bronchioles. C. Mitochondria. D. Muscle tissue. 13. The graph shows changes in air pressure in the thoracic cavity during breathing. Which of the following occurs between times X and Y? A. Rib muscles relax and diaphragm relaxes. B. Rib muscles relax and diaphragm contracts. C. Rib muscles contract and diaphragm relaxes. D. Rib muscles contract and diaphragm contracts. 14. An experiment was carried out to determine factors affecting human blood s ability to carry oxygen. The results are shown in the graph above. Which of the following may have caused the change at time X? A. Water was removed from the plasma. B. More platelets were added to the blood. C. Stimulation of the medulla oblongata increased breathing rate. D. A competitive inhibitor of hemoglobin was added to the blood. 15. High concentrations of bicarbonate ion (HCO - 3 ) in the blood will result in A. increased rate of breathing B. decreased rate of breathing. C. increased pressure in the chest cavity. D. decreased nervous stimulation of the diaphragm.
4 4 16. Which of the following represents the composition of blood at X shown in the diagram on the right? 17. What is the relationship between the following terms as they related to respiratory function? a) medulla oblongata and diaphragm (2 marks) b) intercostal muscles and inspiration (2 marks) c) cigarette smoke and trachea (2 marks) 18. What effect will the wall of the chest cavity being punctured have on the normal body functions in humans? (2 marks) 19. Describe the role of each of the chemoreceptors in carotid arteries in the normal functioning of the respiratory system: (1 mark)
5 5 20. Use your knowledge of respiration to answer the following questions. a) What are the three most common forms that carbon dioxide is carried in the blood? (3 marks) b) Describe the reaction whereby H 2 O and CO 2 are produced in the lung capillaries. ( 1 mark) c) What is the function of carbonic anhydrase in the above reaction? (1 mark) 21. Describe the role of carbonic anhydrase, carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and hemoglobin in the exchange of gases at the tissue level (internal respiration). (5 marks) 22. A person was brought to the emergency room unconscious. Breathing was shallow and irregular. A blood sample showed the blood ph to be 7.8 (normal ph = 7.4). A mechanical respirator, which increases breathing rate, was inserted and sodium bicarbonate was administered intravenously. a) Explain why the lowered breathing rate lowers the blood ph. (3 marks) b) How does the respirator help return the blood ph to normal? (1 mark) c) What was the reason for administering the sodium bicarbonate? (1 mark)
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