Abnormal Psychology. A.K.A.$Psychological$Disorders$

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Abnormal Psychology. A.K.A.$Psychological$Disorders$"

Coral Hoover
5 years ago
Views:

Abnormal Psychology A.K.A.$Psychological$Disorders$ Normal %behavior%can%be%defined%in%many%ways%and%is% dependent%on%context,%genebcs,%biology,%thinking,%and%emobons.

1 Abnormal Psychology A.K.A.$Psychological$Disorders$ Normal %behavior%can%be%defined%in%many%ways%and%is% dependent%on%context,%genebcs,%biology,%thinking,%and%emobons.%% A disorder is a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.%

2 Early%Theories% Abnormal%behavior%was%evil%spirits% trying%to%get%out.% Trephining%was%oFen%used.% 1800 s%i>%syphilis%affects%brain%% Led%to%medical%model%%

3 PerspecBves%and%Disorders% Psychological++School/Perspec1ve+ PsychoanalyBc/Psychodynamic% HumanisBc% Cause+of+the+Disorder+ Internal,%unconscious%drives% Failure%to%strive%to%one s%potenbal%or%being% out%of%touch%with%one s%feelings.% Behavioral% Reinforcement%history,%the%environment.% CogniBve% Sociocultural% Biomedical/Neuroscience% IrraBonal,%dysfuncBonal%thoughts%or%ways%of% thinking.% DysfuncBonal%Society% Organic%problems,%biochemical%imbalances,% genebc%predisposibons.%

$% Physicians%and%mental% health%workers%use%the% detailed% diagnosbc% criteria%and%codes %in%the% DSMI5%to%guide%medical% Visit% h\p://www.dsm5.$

4 DSM%5%(new%this%year)% Diagnos1c+Sta1s1cal+ Manual+of+Mental+ Disorders+ Classifies%disorders%and% describes%the%symptoms.% Does%NOT%explain%the% causes%or%possible%cures.% Physicians%and%mental% health%workers%use%the% detailed% diagnosbc% criteria%and%codes %in%the% DSMI5%to%guide%medical% Visit% h\p:// Documents/changes%20from %20dsmIivItr%20to %20dsmI5.pdf%for%more%info%% diagnoses%and%define%who% is%eligible%for%treatments,% including%medicabon.%

$The%Rosenhan%Study% Rosenhan%+%seven%associates% pretended%to%hear%voices.%% They%were%all%admi\ed%for% schizophrenia,%even%though%they% did%everything%else%normally.$

5 The%Rosenhan%Study% Rosenhan%+%seven%associates% pretended%to%hear%voices.%% They%were%all%admi\ed%for% schizophrenia,%even%though%they% did%everything%else%normally.% None%were%exposed%as%imposters.% They%all%leF%diagnosed%with% schizophrenia%in%remission.% Labels%ma\er.%% Ex:%watching%job%applicants%vs% watching%exicons% SelfIfulfilling%prophecy%%

6 Who%has%a%disorder?% 25%%of%Americans%in%an%average%year.% % % %% % % AnBsocial%Personality% %age%8%% Phobia% %age%10%% OCD% %age%20% Bipolar% %age%20%% Schizophrenia% %age%20%% Depression% %age%25%% When%does%it%begin?%%%

%% the%pabent%fears% something%awful%will+ happen%to%them.

7 Anxiety%Disorders% A%group%of%disorders% marked%by%distressing,% persistent%anxiety%or% dysfuncbonal%anxietyi reducing%behaviors.%% the%pabent%fears% something%awful%will+ happen%to%them.% They%are%in%a%state%of% intense%apprehension,% uneasiness,%uncertainty,% or%fear.%%%

8 Phobias% a%person%is%intensely%and% irrabonally%afraid%of%a%specific% object%or%situabon%% Must%be%an%irraBonal%fear.% Must%interfere%with%daily%life%% Phobia%List% Agoraphobia%

9 Top%5%Fears% Women ++ snakes%% Tied%up% Buried%alive% Heights% Public%speaking%% Men+ Buried%alive% Heights% Snakes% Drowning% Public%speaking%%

Generalized%Anxiety%Disorder% GAD% An%anxiety%disorder%in% which%a%person%is% conbnuously%tense,% apprehensive%and%in%a%state% of%autonomic%nervous%

11 Generalized%Anxiety%Disorder% GAD% An%anxiety%disorder%in% which%a%person%is% conbnuously%tense,% apprehensive%and%in%a%state% of%autonomic%nervous% system%arousal.% The%paBent%is%constantly% tense%and%worried,%feels% inadequate,%is% oversensibve,%can t% concentrate%and%suffers% from%insomnia.%% Anxiety%in%Children%

12 Panic%Disorder% An%anxiety%disorder% marked%by%a%minutesi long%episode%of%intense% dread%in%which%a%person% experiences%terror%and% accompanying%chest%pain,% choking%and%other% frightening%sensabons.% Video%

ObsessiveIcompulsive%disorder% Persistent%unwanted%

the%need%(compulsion)%to% engage%in%a%parbcular% acbon.

13 ObsessiveIcompulsive%disorder% Persistent%unwanted% thoughts%(obsessions)% cause%someone%to%feel% the%need%(compulsion)%to% engage%in%a%parbcular% acbon.% Obsession%about%dirt%and% germs%may%lead%to% compulsive%hand% washing.% Compulsions:%Hoarders,% Checkers,%Counters,% Cleaners%% OCD%video% As%OCD%as%it%gets% Stuck%in%a%Doorway%

14 PostItraumaBc%Stress%Disorder% a.k.a.%ptsd% a%person%has%lingering% memories,%nightmares,%and% other%symptoms%for%weeks% afer%a%severely% threatening,%uncontrollable% event%% Memories%of%the%event% cause%anxiety.% 19%%of%Vietnam%veterans%% 20%%of%Iraq%veterans%% PTSD%video%

15 PerspecBves%on%Disorders% Behavioral%% CondiBoning%% When%bad%events%happen%unpredictably%and% uncontrollably,%anxiety%or%other%disorders%ofen% develop%% Avoiding%the%situaBon%or%following%compulsion%makes% you%feel%be\er%(aka%reinforcement)%% ObservaBonal%Learning%% We%see%others%act%that%way,%so%we%do%too.%% CogniBon%% Can t%stop%intrusive%thoughts%%

16 Biological%% PerspecBves%on%Disorders% Natural%SelecBon%% People%who%feared%snakes%were%able%to%pass%on%their% genes%% GeneBcs% %% More%likely%to%be%anxious%if%your%parents%are%too% Genes%associated%with%disorders%% Brain%% Can%minimize%fear%by%giving%a%drug%injecBon%that%stops% emobonal%reacbon%and%having%the%person%think%of%the% feared%thing/event/memory,%thus%reirecording%a%feari free%version%%

17 Mood%Disorders% Experience%extreme%or%inappropriate%emoBon.%

18 Major+Depression+ A.K.A.%unipolar%depression% Unhappy%for%at%least%two% weeks%with%no%apparent% cause.% Depression%is%the%common% cold%of%psychological% disorders.% 10%%of%women%&%6%%of%men% worldwide%on%a%typical%year%%

20 Mania (manic) Bipolar Disorder Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need for sleep, etc.%% Engage%in%risky%behavior%during%the%manic% episode. Bipolar disorder and creativity %

21 Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression (inactive, unmotivated, sensitive, Women s risk of major depression is nearly double men s Most major depressive episodes self-terminate Stressful events related to work, marriage and close relationships often proceed depression With each new generation, depression is striking earlier and affecting more people

22 % of 18 to 84-year-olds experiencing major depression at some point in life

23 Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Biological Perspective Genetic Influences Mood disorders run in families Heritability The depressed brain Diminished brain activity Smaller frontal lobe (7%) Biochemical influences Norepinephrine and serotonin Diet

24 Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact Self-defeating beliefs Learned helplessness Rumination Explanatory style Stable, global, internal explanations Cause versus indictor of depression?

Schizophrenic%Disorders% About%1%in%every%100%people% are%diagnosed%with% schizophrenia.% Symptoms%of%Schizophrenia% 1. Disorganized%speech%% 2. Disturbed%PercepBons% 3.

26 Schizophrenic%Disorders% About%1%in%every%100%people% are%diagnosed%with% schizophrenia.% Symptoms%of%Schizophrenia% 1. Disorganized%speech%% 2. Disturbed%PercepBons% 3. Inappropriate%EmoBons%and% AcBons% Psychotic - a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.%

$% Disorganized%thinking% comes%from%a%breakdown% in%selecbve%a\enbon.% They%cannot%filter%out% informabon.$

27 Disorganized%Thinking% The%thinking%of%a%person% with%schizophrenia%is% fragmented%and%bizarre% and%distorted%with%false% beliefs.% Disorganized%thinking% comes%from%a%breakdown% in%selecbve%a\enbon.% They%cannot%filter%out% informabon.% Word%salad%I%"Imagine%the% worst%systemabc,% sympathebc,%quite% pathebc,%apologebc,% paramedic.%your%heart%is% prosthebc. %

28 Delusions%(false%beliefs)% Delusions+of+ Persecu1on+ Delusions+of+Grandeur+

29 Disturbed+Percep1ons% hallucina1onsi%sensory% experiences%without% sensory%sbmulabon.%%

30 Inappropriate+Emo1ons+and+ Ac1ons% Laugh%at%inappropriate% Bmes.% Flat%Effect%% Senseless,%compulsive% acts.% CatatoniaI%moBonless% Waxy%Flexibility% Pos/Neg%symptoms%% SimulaBon%% Drugstore%SimulaBon%%

31 Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities: Dopamine Overactivity Dopamine Overactivity Dopamine D4 dopamine receptor Dopamine blocking drugs Glutamate

32 Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities: Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy Frontal lobe and core brain activity Fluid filled areas of the brain

33 Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities: Maternal Virus During Midpregnancy Maternal Virus During Pregnancy Studies on maternal activity and schizophrenia Influence of the flu during pregnancy

34 Understanding Schizophrenia Genetic Factors Genetic predisposition Twin studies

35 Understanding Schizophrenia Psychological Factors Possible warning signs Mother severely schizophrenic Birth complications (low weight/oxygen deprivation) Separation from parents Short attention span Disruptive or withdrawn behavior Emotional unpredictability Poor peer relations and solo play

36 AuBsm%% Social%withdrawal%(prominent%in%both%auBsm%and%schizophrenia)%% Diagnosed%by%age%3%(schizophrenia%between%15%and%30%years)%% Mostly%in%males%(schizophrenia%equal%in%males%and%females)% 9+behaviors+of+the+au1s1c+child:++ 1. Social%isolaBon%% 2. Stereotyped%behaviors,%(rocking,%biBng%hands,%and%staring)%% 3. Resistance%to%any%change%in%rouBne%% 4. Abnormal,%oFen%extreme,%responses%to%sensory%sBmuli%% 5. InsensiBvity%to%pain%% 6. Inappropriate%emoBonal%expression%% 7. Disturbances%of%movement%(abnormal%gait,%rocking,%grimacing)%% 8. Poor%development%of%speech%% 9. Specific,%limited%intellectual%problems%%

37 Somatoform%Disorders% Occur%when%a%person% manifests%a% psychological%problem% through%a%physiological% symptom.% Two%types %

38 Illness%Anxiety%Disorder% Hypochondriasis% Has%frequent%physical% complaints%for%which% medical%doctors%are% unable%to%locate%the% cause.% They%usually%believe% that%the%minor%issues% (headache,%upset% stomach)%are%indicabve% are%more%severe% illnesses.%

39 Conversion%Disorder% Report%the%existence%of% severe%physical%problems%% with%no%biological%reason.% Like%blindness%or%paralysis.% Band%of%Brothers%example% Leroy,%NY%example% Leroy,%NY%example%analysis% Pol%Pot%

40 DissociaBve%Disorders% These%disorders%involve% a%disrupbon%in%the% conscious%process.% Three%types.%

41 Psychogenic%Amnesia% A%person%cannot% remember%things%with% no%physiological%basis% for%the%disrupbon%in% memory.% Retrograde%Amnesia% NOT%organic%amnesia.% Organic%amnesia%can%be% retrograde%or% antrograde.%

42 People%with%psychogenic% amnesia%that%find% themselves%in%an% unfamiliar%environment.% David%Fitzpatrick%from% London% Edward%Lighthart%from% Sea\le% %% DissociaBve%Fugue%

43 DissociaBve%IdenBty%Disorder% Used%to%be%known%as% MulBple%Personality% Disorder.% A%person%has%several% rather%than%one% integrated%personality.% People%with%DID% commonly%have%a%history% of%childhood%abuse%or% trauma.% Herschel%Walker%

$Personality%Disorders% Inflexible%and%enduring% behavior%pa\erns%that% impair%social%funcboning%%$

44 Personality%Disorders% Inflexible%and%enduring% behavior%pa\erns%that% impair%social%funcboning%% WellIestablished,% maladapbve%ways%of% behaving%that%negabvely% affect%people s%ability%to% funcbon.%

45 Three%Clusters%% A. Odd/Eccentric%Behaviors% %Paranoid%and% Schizoid% B. DramaBc/Impulsive%Behaviors%I%AnBsocial,% borderline,%histrionic,%and%narcissisbc%% C. AnxietyIRelated% %Avoidant,%Dependent,% ObsessiveICompulsive%%

$AnBsocial% Personality% Disorder% Lack%of%conscience%and%empathy% Li\le%regard%for%other s%feelings% View%the%world%as%hosBle%and%look% out%for%themselves% Minimal%autonomic%arousal%%$

46 AnBsocial% Personality% Disorder% Lack%of%conscience%and%empathy% Li\le%regard%for%other s%feelings% View%the%world%as%hosBle%and%look% out%for%themselves% Minimal%autonomic%arousal%% (Athlete,%firefighter,%adventurer)%% 11%%less%frontal%lobe%Bssue%% Ex:%The%Joker% Psychopath %is%not%listed%in%the% (DSM);%it s%a%legal%term.%% People&who&never&lie&are&suckers.& If&I&don t&feel&like&doing&something,&i& just&don t&do&it.& My&favorite&entertainment&is&messing& with&other&people.&&

$Dependent%Personality%Disorder% Rely%too%much%on%the% a\enbon%and%help%of% others.$

47 Dependent%Personality%Disorder% Rely%too%much%on%the% a\enbon%and%help%of% others.% People%with%this%disorder%do% not%trust%their%own%ability%to% make%decisions.%% They%may%be%very%upset%by% separabon%and%loss.%% They%may%go%to%great% lengths,%even%suffering% abuse,%to%stay%in%a% relabonship%

48 Borderline%Personality%Disorder%+ ofen%have%difficulbes%controlling%emobons%and%impulses% find%it%hard%to%keep%relabonships% experience%feelings%of%empbness% suffer%quick%changes%in%mood%% may%harm%themselves% Problems%coping%with%abandonment%and%a%rapidly% changing%view%of%other%people%can%form%part%of%their% difficulbes% find%it%hard%to%engage%in%or%sbck%with%treatment%and% leave%before%the%end% Overview%

$of%a\enbon.% Whether%acBng%silly%or% dressing%provocabvely.$

49 Histrionic%Personality%Disorder% Needs%to%be%the%center% of%a\enbon.% Whether%acBng%silly%or% dressing%provocabvely.%

50 NarcissisBc%Personality%Disorder% Having%an%unwarranted% sense%of%selfi importance.% Thinking%that%you%are% the%center%of%the% universe.%

51 Obsessive% %Compulsive%Personality% Disorder% Overly%concerned%with% certain%thoughts%and% performing%certain% behaviors.% Not%as%extreme%as%OCD% anxiety.%

52 Other%Disorders% Paraphilias%(pedophilia,% zoophilia,% hybristophilia)% FeBshism%% sadist,%masochist% EaBng%Disorders% Substance%use%disorders% ADHD%

53 Two%Major%ClassificaBons%in%the%DSM% Neuro1c+Disorders+ Distressing%but%one%can%sBll% funcbon%in%society%and%act% rabonally.% Psycho1c+Disorders+ Person%loses%contact%with% reality,%experiences% distorted%percepbons.% John%Wayne%Gacy%

A.K.A.$Psychological$Disorders$

Abnormal Psychology A.K.A.$Psychological$Disorders$ A" harmful"dysfunc/on "in"which"behavior"is" judged"to"be"atypical,"disturbing,"maladap/ve"and" unjus/fiable." " Early"Theories" Abnormal"behavior"was"evil"spirits"